tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-84889756595614208412024-02-07T05:28:12.253-08:00drAwing pArAllelsin search f0r the EmErgEnt paTTernsDWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.comBlogger51125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-40782437793371513202016-07-11T07:57:00.002-07:002016-07-11T07:59:27.904-07:00Resilient Rules: Culture and Complexity in Traditional Built Environments (Bi-Lingual)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 34.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Resilient Rules</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Culture and Complexity in Traditional Built Environments</span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-f2adbe2f-d7e2-e60b-26ba-8b906b298537" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></b><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ahmad Borham</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">May 2016</span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="312"></col><col width="25"></col><col width="287"></col></colgroup><tbody>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Introduction</span></h2>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The main idea of this study emerged from an interest in two topics that always seemed in the beginning as parallel: the impact of Islamic law on the urban fabric of the traditional Muslim cities and the application of computer programming in architecture and urban design. Notions of ‘resilience’ and ‘complexity’ brought these two parallel interests together. This research depends on three main concepts: Resilience,</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> sociocultural rules</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and Complexity Theory.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Resilience</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I wouldn’t design a city, I’d grow one” </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">this is how</span><a href="http://www.spacesyntax.com/professor-bill-hillier/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bill Hillier</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> regards the city as quoted in an</span><a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2004/sep/09/research.highereducation1/print" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">article</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> by</span><a href="http://www.philipball.co.uk/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Philip Ball</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Ball, 2004) on city. Cities are organic in the sense that they grow, evolve and adapt therefore the current approaches to design must be reconsidered (Ball, 2004).</span></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Resilience is the capacity of a system whether it is an individual, a forest, a city, or an economy to deal with change and continue to develop. It is both about withstanding shocks and disturbances and using them to catalyze renewal, novelty, and innovation (Folke, 2009). Resilience theory was first introduced by the Canadian ecologist</span><a href="http://www.stockholmresilience.org/21/seminar-and-events/stockholm-seminars/previous-seminars/2001/ss-2001/12-20-2007-prof.-c.s.-holling-on-panarchy-and-understanding-transformation-in-human-and-natural-systems.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C.S.Holling</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in 1973, whose paper had a substantial impact on understanding the resilience of ecological systems within ecology and other natural and social sciences</span><a href="http://www.stockholmresilience.org/21/seminar-and-events/seminar-and-event-videos/5-2-2012-buzz-holling-father-of-the-resilience-theory.html" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Simonsen, 2012)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In resilience theory, systems are understood to be in constant flux, highly unpredictable, and self-organizing with feedbacks across multiple scales in time and space. Among theorists, such systems are known as complex adaptive systems, considered to be the hallmark features of complexity. A key feature of complex adaptive systems is their ability to self-organize along a number of different pathways with possible sudden shifts between states (Folke, 2009).</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8488975659561420841#_ftn1" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[1]</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">During the development of any city, conditions change unexpectedly, which demands a responsive environment. For an environment to be successful, it must adapt to unforeseen changes without the need for major modifications. Anne Vernez Moudon</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8488975659561420841#_ftn2" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[2]</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, in her cross-scale study of neighborhood architecture in San Francisco, calls the space that allows this kind of anticipation ‘breathing space</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">’</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Moudon, 1986). Breathing spaces are a kind of space that permits the unexpected to occur. These spaces have the conditions within that enable residents to interact positively with their environment. The concept of breathing space links different scales from the city through neighborhood and block to the building and the rooms within. Moudon proposes that a main characteristic of breathing spaces is ‘resilience’ (Moudon, 1986).</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><h2 dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">خلفية البحث:</span></h2>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">الفكرة الأساسية لهذا البحث نشأت من اهتمام بموضوعين طالما كانا يبدوان متوازيان لا يلتقيان. أحد هذه الموضوعات هو تأثير الشريعة الإسلامية على النسيج العمراني للمدن العربية الإسلامية التقليدية. أما الموضوع الآخر فهو تطبيقات الحوسبة والبرمجة في التصميم المعماري والعمراني. مفاهيم كالمرونة أو بلفظ آخر (الردودية Resilience) والتعقد أو (التركيبية Complexity) ظهرت علاقات بين هذان الموضوعان. هذا البحث يعتمد على ثلاث مفاهيم أساسية: المرونة، العوامل الاجتماعية الثقافية والتعقد.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">المرونة:</span></h3>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يقول بيل هيلير في مقابلة أجراها معه فيليب بول حول المدينة "المدينة تنمو أفضل من أن تُصمم". يلفت هيلير نظرنا أن المدن لها طبيعة عضوية حيث تنمو، تتطور وتتكيف مما يحتم إعادة النظر في مداخل التصميم الاعتيادية.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">المرونة أو الردودية في لفظ آخر هي قدرة نظام -سواء كان فرد، غابة، اقتصاد أو مدينة-على التعامل مع</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التغير</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">واستمرار النمو والتطور. يدور المفهوم حول امتصاص الصدمات واستخدامها لتحفيز التجدد. ظهرت نظرية الردودية لأول مرة على يد العالم البيئي الكندي هولينج عام1973، حيث كان لورقته البحثية تأثير كبير في فهم المرونة في الأنظمة البيئية الطبيعية والاجتماعية.</span></span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">الأنظمة في سياق نظرية الردودية تكون دائما في حالة تدفق وحركة مستمرة، صعبة التنبؤ وذاتية التنظيم عن طريق تغذية استرجاعية على مختلف المقاييس. تعرف هذه الأنظمة بالأنظمة المركبة ذات القدرة على التكيف وتعتبر مكون أساسي في مفهوم التعقد. يميز هذه الأنظمة خاصية التنظيم الذاتي بسل شتى خاصة في حالات التحول المفاجئ.</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">في خلال تطور أي مدينة تتغير الأحوال بشكل مفاجئ ولتكون البيئة المبنية ناجحة يجب أن تتكيف مع التغيرات الغير متوقعة بدون الحاجة لتعديلات جذرية في نظامها. آن فيرنيه مودون في بحثها التعدد المقاييس لمجاورة سكنية في سان فرانسيسكو تطلق على هذا النوع "الفراغات ذات القدرة على التنفس". هذا النوع من الفراغات يسمح بحدوث الغير متوقع حيث تتيح للساكن أن يتفاعل بإيجابية مع بيئته المبنية. مفهوم الفراغات التي تتنفس يربط مقاييس مختلفة في المدينة من المجاورة السكنية إلى المبنى وصولاً إلى الغرفة. الردودية والمرونة هي خاصية أساسية لهذا النوع من الفراغات كما تقترح مودون.</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 36px;"><td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="287" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/N2TcnxXaVwJ-PfkJYjrvyn-cWQ3l2fX_KPE-mfdiV0AZt3Ucu8H6O3hDY5jIL9Ay1g4n6y3ERZ7zocRPaDeoYGvUVCvQdTHqxnZF0yvoLjieiT1i49OkZEqCESgK4C8ojsTjvkEf" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="557" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Figure (1.1) An Aerial view of the urban fabric in Fez (Morocco), Tamentit (Algeria), and a village in Saudi Arabia showing geometric complexity. Source: (Ben Hamouche 2009a)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="448" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/ZKV93bmchrCkOHRNmQsfmGwVZ6MlsYFK7QIoCC673VCA3jsXmEHrLSsKWfjClgLPJb0VbfRow_-59EH1CBIWCnG0lpcL5kGLURab2OF6eLcW89M1WfeRGBzl99H-pGGCtfjtvEsd" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="609" /></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Figure (1.2) Six examples of traditional towns (not to the same scale) from the Puglia region in the southeast of the Italian peninsula. The Italian urban historian, Enrico Guidoni, made a study of the Islamic influence on towns in Sicily and southern Italy. Source: (Hakim, 2008)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="351" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/9n-fZsY5B2SWOWgA9649GgDQV0tzjnLXC8hhsuMsb3fwHkrF06JOM2KQGy85NMKZV8Uli5j8W5xBF2gpSydA7rDRwBV4YWJVPKfnYuXwUvrgkxkdaD25ifYbo8gpsfi3NYTKFFuc" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="609" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Figure (1.3) Two similar urban fabrics in different contexts a) Oblique air photo of the central portion of Fez in Morocco b) Vertical air photo of a portion of old Unayzah, located in the north central region of Saudi Arabia. The large building is one of the mosques in the city, surrounded by housing. Source: (Hakim, 1989)</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 14pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Socio-cultural rules</span></h3>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The study of sociocultural aspects comes under what is known as the field of social science, which refers to the academic disciplines concerned with society and human behavior (Williams, 2000). This field of research includes human geography which focuses largely on the built environment and how space is created, viewed and managed by humans as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy (Ventura College, 2012). Social sciences also include the study of Law, which is concerned with system of rules based on based on norms accepted by a community, thereby giving these systems an ethical foundation (Hart, 1961). </span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="297"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td></tr>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Looking at the traditional form of cities, at first glance it seems unordered and chaotic and even inappropriate (Fig.1.1-1.3). But this is only because it is incomprehensible to an outside observer. If we look deeper, we will discover that underneath this unordered surface lies a set of organizing rules that regulate its urban growth. In this sense these urban forms can be regarded chaotic, where chaos is the random-like behavior of a system that is actually determined by a hidden order or pattern. It is suggested that the complexity of these urban forms emerges from few simple rules (Goldstein, 2001). In an interview on the role science can play in designing cities according to rational rules, Bill Hillier says that if we are going to design good cities, we need first to observe them scientifically in order to deduce their fundamental rules (Ball, 2004).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lawrence (1990) shows that spatial meaning is expressed by unwritten social rules. This explains why the meaning and use of space cannot be prescribed in a deterministic approach. Lawrence continues that if meanings attached to a built environment is to be understood well, our conception of spatial organization should be expanded through exploring the influence of two categories of ‘rules’ on the behavior of people: implicit codes (conventions or customs) compared to explicit norms (building regulations). Within this context, the following questions emerge: What are the sociocultural dynamics used to express the ideas and values of a group of people involved in the design and building process, and what are the physical impacts of these dynamics on the built environment (Lawrence, 1990). Another set of questions emerges: are explicit rules needed at all, and to what extent are they needed (Arida, 2004).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The emphasis on rules may seem contradictory or limiting to the notion of resilience. The notion of rules implicitly indicates rationality, order and determinism, but the lack of rules doesn’t necessarily indicate irrationality and chaos, it can even be possible for rules to produce irrationality (Arida, 2004).</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><h3 dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">العوامل الاجتماعية الثقافية:</span></h3>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تأتي دراسة العوامل الاجتماعية الثقافية تحت مظلة ما يعرف بعلوم الاجتماع وهو المجال الأكاديمي المعني بدراسة السلوك في المجتمعات الإنسانية. يشمل علم الاجتماع مجالات الجغرافية الإنسانية والتي تركز بشكل أساسي على البيئة المبنية والتأثير المتبادل بين الإنسان والفراغ. تشمل علوم الاجتماع أيضا دراسة القانون وما يتعلق بذلك من منظومات الأحكام التي تنشأ من الأعراف والعادات المتفق عليها مجتمعيا مما يضفي شرعية أخلاقية على هذه المنظومات.</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">بالنظر في شكل المدينة التقليدية للوهلة الأولى تبدو غير منتظمة وفوضوية المظهر. ويرجع ذلك بالأساس لكونها مبهمة بمظهرها الخارجي للمشاهد لكن لو دققنا النظر فسوف يتضح لنا مجموعة من القوانين المنظمة لهذا العمران تحت هذا المظهر الفوضوي. يأتي هنا مفهوم الفوضى بمعنى سلوك يبدو عشوائي لمنظومة معينة هي في حقيقتها محددة بنظام وأنساق غير ظاهرة.</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يزعم بعض الباحثين أن التعقد في النسيج العمراني ينتج عن مجموعة من القواعد البسيطة مما يستدعي دراسة المدن بشكل منهجي حتي نستطيع استخلاص الأحكام الأساسية والتي قد تساعدنا في تصميم مدن أفضل كما يقول بيل هيلير في مقابلة عن دور العلم في تصميم المدن.</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">رودريك لورانس يبين أن المعني الفراغي يظهر من خلال القواعد الاجتماعية الغير مكتوبة وذلك من أسباب أن معنى واستخدام الفراغ ليس من السهل أن يوصف من منظور قطعي. يوضح لورانس أنه إذا ارتبط معنى بالبيئة المبنية فلكي نفهم هذا المعنى بوضوح علينا أن نبحث في تأثير نوعين من الأحكام على سلوك البشر: الأحكام الضمنية مثل الأعراف والعادات والنوع الآخر هو الأحكام الصريحة مثل قواعد وأحكام البناء. في هذا السياق تظهر مجوعة من الأسئلة: ما هي القواعد الاجتماعية الثقافية المعبرة عن أفكار وقيم مجموعة من الناس والتي تظهر في عملية التصميم المعماري والبناء وما هو التأثير المادي لهذه العوامل على البيئة المبنية. وعلى مستوى لآخر نواجه أسئلة أخرى مثل هل هناك احتياج لقواعد صريحة من الأساس وإذا كان هناك احتياج فإلى أي مدى.</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">قد يبدو لأول وهلة أن البحث في القواعد والأحكام متناقضا مع مفهوم المرونة حيث ترتبط القواعد ظاهريا بالنظام، العقلانية والقطعية ولكن عدم وجود عدم وجود قواعد قطعية قد لا يستدعي بالضرورة وجود فوضى بل قد يوجد قواعد للاعقلانية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complexity and computation</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The bottom-up mindset revolution, started by the efforts of</span><a href="http://yufind.library.yale.edu/yufind/Author/Home?author=Weaver%2C%20Warren%2C%201894-1978." style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Weaver</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (1948),</span><a href="http://www.hws.edu/about/presidentsmedal/jacobs.aspx" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jacobs</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (1961), and</span><a href="http://www.santafe.edu/about/people/profile/John%20H.%20Holland" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Holland</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (1995), changed the way we see the world around us and its systems. By the mid 1980’s, this revolution was in full swing. In the field of humanities, critical theorists, such as</span><a href="http://www.egs.edu/faculty/manuel-de-landa/biography/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Manuel de Landa</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, started tackling the concepts of self-organization side by side with the trendy post structuralism paradigm (Johnson, 2001). Complexity is often adopted by anti-reductionist approaches to science.</span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complex systems is a new approach to science that studies how relationships between parts give rise to the collective behavior of a system and how the system interacts and forms relationships with its environment. This approach is also called complex systems</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">theory, complexity science, study of complex systems, sciences of complexity, non-equilibrium physics, and historical physics.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As complexity results from the interaction between the components of a system, social worlds are complex in the sense that they are composed of multitudes of interconnected elements. Cities are considered by social science as organizational social structures that are changed through various decisions and interactions made through time (Batty, 2007b). Since the 1980’s, there has been a growing trend to consider the city as a complex system, suggesting a radical shift from top-down, centralized management to more decentralized bottom-up structures (Haghani, 2011).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">One of the most powerful tools arising from the research in complex systems research is a set of computational techniques that allow a much wider range of models to be explored (Miller, 2007). All complexity theories come with their specific formalism and models. These complexity models such as CA (</span><a href="http://natureofcode.com/book/chapter-7-cellular-automata/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">cellular automata</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">), AB (agent-based</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8488975659561420841#_ftn2" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[2]</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">), and graph theoretical approaches emphasize bottom-up emergence processes of complex systems. “[Is] </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">it possible to explain self-organization using more rigorous methods? Can digital computation be usefully applied to this problem?</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">”. These questions posed by</span><a href="http://www.stevenberlinjohnson.com/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Steven Johnson</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in his</span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684868768/stevenberlinj-20" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">book</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> about complexity</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> draws our attention to the possibility that the application of computational models to our understanding of complex adaptive social systems can provide a wider potential for explorations of how these systems begin and grow.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Computational social science is a powerful tool for understanding the complexities of real socioeconomic systems, by building ‘computational social worlds’ that can be analyzed, experimented with, fed with and tested against empirical data on an unprecedented</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> scale. Computational models provide quantitative and qualitative models of social phenomena.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">One critical application is ‘generative’ explanations. Generative models are an escape from the deductive/ inductive dichotomy. They allow qualitative analysis to be done in a rigorous and controllable way. A typical computational generative approach was proposed by Epstein (1999): first, simple local rules need to be studied and understood. However, generative approaches lead to a great deal of alternative options, all of which are to some extent arbitrary. The construction of plausible generative models is a challenge for the new computational social science as well as a method to avoid ad hoc and arbitrary results. Second, the notion of rules needs clarification and revision. Possibly, rules can be replaced by explicit and theory-founded agent models, which include not only decision-making mechanisms but also representations, attitudes, strategies, actions, motivations, and the like (Conte, et al., 2012).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Another crucial idea of computational social science is ‘adaptation’. Social complexity as an emergent phenomenon is caused by successful adaptation.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Social complexity can be caused by uncertainty, which is commonly misunderstood</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">as something that cannot be known (Conte, et al., 2012). The complex systems approach transpires</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">through and blurs the dividing</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">lines among disciplines and creating a truly interdisciplinary, non-compartmental</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">science (Conte, et al., 2012).</span></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><h3 dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 14pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التعقد والحوسبة:</span></h3>
<h2 dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ظهرت العقلية الداعية إلى التفكير من أسفل إلى أعلى على أيدي علماء ومفكرين أمثال وارين ويفر، جين جاكوبز وجون هولاند. ساهمت أبحاث هؤلاء في تغيير طريقة النظر للعالم وما يتضمنه من منظومات. بحلول منتصف الثمانينيات كانت هذه الثورة الفكرية قد بلغت ذروتها ففي مجال علوم الإنسانيات والنظريات النقدية بدأ تفعيل مفاهيم مثل التنظيم الذاتي جنبا الى جنب نظريات ما بعد البنيوية على أيدي باحثين أمثال مانيويل ديلاندا. كما لاقى هذا النوع من النظريات مثل نظرية التعقد قبولا كبيرا عند من يتبنون مداخل بحثية وعلمية ضد الاختزال.</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تعتبر الأنظمة المعقدة مدخلا جديدا للعلوم التي تدرس السلوك الجمعي للمنظومات والعلاقات داخل هذه المنظومات وكيفية تفاعلها مع البيئة المحيطة. يطلق على هذا المدخل عدة اصطلاحات منها على سبيل المثال: نظريات الأنظمة المعقدةcomplex systems theory، علم التعقد Science of Complexity، الطبيعة ذات التاريخ Historical physicsوالطبيعة الغير متزنةnon-equilibrium physics.</span></h2>
<h2 dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ينتج التعقد من تفاعل مكونات الأنظمة سواء مع بعضها البعض أو مع البيئة المحيطة. تعتبر المجتمعات معقدة من منطلق أنها مكونة من مجموعة كبيرة غير محددة من العناصر المتصلة بعلاقات متشابكة. من هذا المنطلق تعتبر المدن من منظور علوم الاجتماع منظومة بنيوية اجتماعية تتحول وتتغير نتيجة القرارات والتفاعلات التي تتخذ على مدار الزمن. منذ الثمانينيات من القرن السابق تنامى اتجاه يعتبر المدينة من الأنظمة المعقدة مما يعتبر تحولا جذريا عن الأساليب الفوقية المركزية في إدارة العمران.</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تعتبر أدوات الحوسبة من أقوى الأدوات الناشئة من أبحاث الأنظمة المعقدة لأنها تتيح مجال لدراسة النماذج من هذه الأنظمة على مدى أوسع حيث تأتي نظريات التعقد بمجموعة من النماذج مثل</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cellular Automata</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> و</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-based_model" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Agent Based</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> والاتجاهات النظرية البيانية(</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Graph Theory</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) وكلها نماذج تؤكد على عمليات الانبثاق الموجودة بهذه الأنظمة.</span></span></h2>
<h2 dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"هل من الممكن أن نفسر ظاهرة التنظيم الذاتي باستخدام وسائل أكثر دقة وهل تساعد الحوسبة الآلية في ذلك؟ “هذا سؤال يطرحه ستيفين جونسون في كتلبه حول ظاهرة التعقد والانبثاق حيث يلفت نظرنا لإمكانيات استخدام النماذج المحوسبة في فهم الأنظمة الاجتماعية المعقدة ذات القدرة على التكيف ودراسة كيفية نموها وتطورها.</span></h2>
<h2 dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">في هذا الإطار تطور ما يعرف بالعلوم الاجتماعية المحوسبة لدراسة وتحليل الأنظمة الاجتماعية والاقتصادية وذلك ببناء عوالم اجتماعية محوسبة يمكن من خلالها عمل تجارب واختبارات تغذى بمعلومات امبريقية على نحو غير مسبوق. النماذج المحوسبة تجمع بين النواحي الكمية والكيفية للظواهر الاجتماعية. من تطبيقاتها الأساسية هو النماذج التوليدية والتي تعبر فخ العلاقة الجدلية بين المنهج الاستدلال والاستقرائي. تتيح هذه النماذج إمكانية التحليل النوعي بشكل دقيق وممنهج. المدخل التوليدي المحوسب كما اقترحه ابشتين يعتمد على دراسة القواعد المحلية البسيطة مما ينتج عنه مجموعة كبيرة من البدائل والتي عادة ما تكون اعتباطية. يعد بناء نماذج توليدية ذات مصداقية جيدة تحد لعلوم الاجتماع المحوسبة لتفادي النتائج الاعتباطية. كما يمكن دعم دراسة القواعد بنماذج ال Agent based والتي تتيح دراسة ليس فقط على ديناميكيات اتخاذ القرار ولكن أيضا اتخاذ مواقف وما وراءه من الدوافع وصياغة استراتيجيات وما شابه. كما يعتبر التكيف من الأفكار الأساسية التي يهتم بدراستها علم الاجتماع الحوسبي. حيث ينشأ التعقد الاجتماعي نتيجة التكيف الناجح مع المجهول والغير متوقع. مدخل الأنظمة المعقدة يعبر الخطوط الفاصلة بين مجالات البحث العلمي مما ينتج عنه علم متعدد التخصصات أكثر شمولا.</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 14pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Research problem</span></h3>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jamel Akbar claims that traditional built environments are one of the best physical solutions for users. Hence the processes that generated these forms need to be studied more deeply. He sees that this may bring us closer to a more resilient built environment (Akbar, 1988a, p. 195). Projecting traditions onto the demands of the modern times is not easy, since it may lead to superficial borrowing. In order to connect to our culture an in-depth study of building types is needed from a designers view to understand the design principles behind the type. The purpose of this is not to copy but transform them to be compatible with today's values. Learning from cultural heritage does not mean denying present realities or feature challenges but aims at establishing continuity between the past and the present. Originality is not to refuse the past but to connect to it and transform it to suit contemporary culture to assure continuity (Habraken, 1988).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lawrence (1987) draws our attention to the fact that, in pre-industrial cultures, architecture is a component of cultural heritage acquired over hundreds of years. Religion, as one of the possible cultural choices, had a significant impact on the house and settlement form in most of pre-industrial cultures (Rapoport, 1969). R. Lawrence (1987) and A. Rapoport (1969) discussed this impact of socio-cultural and religious factors only in the context of primitive communities where religion had a symbolic and ceremonial impact on the built environment. They did not investigate how the principles extracted from religion were the hidden factors behind shaping the traditional built environment. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This study does not depend on religion as the only determinant of the settlements, cities and house patterns, although religion can have a significant influence on the spatial organization of these patterns in many cultures. Most of the research that studied the impact of religion on the house were a reaction to the common physical deterministic approach. Considering religion as the single variable affecting the built environment turned these works into anti-physical deterministic nature (Rapoport, 1969).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The works of Amos Rapport (1969), Susan Kent (1993) and Roderick Lawrence (1990) related the studies of ethnography and anthropology to the pre-industrial ‘primitive’ built environments, especially the dwellings. Jamel Akbar (1988a) and Besim Hakim (2008) tried to show how socio-cultural aspect, especially the religion, affected the social interactions and, consequently, the built environments within the context of the traditional Arab-Islamic built environment. The research of Vernez Moudon on Alamo Square in San Francisco (Moudon, 1986) is one of the few studies that mapped the relation between socio-cultural rules and the resilience of the space across time, through many decades and across scale, from the room to the neighborhood. The works of N.J. Habraken (2000) and J. Turner (1977) were among the most significant studies to tackle the issue of socio-cultural ‘rules’, using the exact terminology, in housing and relate to the issue of ‘responsibility’ and ‘control’. Previously mentioned studies were able to relate just two bodies of literature: environment and behavior studies (EBS) and Resilience Theory.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The computational aspect in the work of Hillier and Hanson and their team (Hillier & Hanson, 1984) and (Hanson, Hillier, Rosenberg, & Graham, 1998) is considered the base for dealing with the social aspect based on the work of Kent (1993) and other anthropological and ethnographic research of the built environment. Hillier’s work is mainly analytical and descriptive. Using the results of these analytical methods, some generative research was conducted by Adam Doulgerakis (2007) incorporating genetic programming tools. Implementing a genetic component to the software can help it to incorporate proscriptive generative rules, which were studied in the work of Akbar (1988a), Hakim (2010) and Moudon (1986).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Another significant research is the work of Carl Bovil (1996) on fractals</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8488975659561420841#_ftn1" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[1]</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> at the architectural scale, especially the vernacular, and the work of Michael Batty (Batty & Longely, 1994) at the city scale. These aforementioned studies have related Complexity Theory to the environment and behavior studies (EBS). This relation has been further studied in the works of M. Ben Hamouche (2009b), theoretically and applied in the work of the late Paul Coates (Coates & Thum, 1995) that was demonstrated under the title ‘Islamic City Algorithm’.</span></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">المشكلة البحثية</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> يزعم جميل أكبر ان البيئات المبنية التقليدية هي أحد افضل الحلول المادية بالنسبة لمستخدميها مما يدعو ان تدرس العمليات التي تولدت عنها تلك البيئات بشكل أعمق. فهو يرى ان تلك الدراسة من شأنها ان تقربنا اكثر من فهم البيئات المبنية المرنة. ان اسقاط التقاليد على متطلبات الحداثة لي بالامر السهل حيث انه قد يؤدي الى اقتباس سطحي ومباشر. حتى تصل بشكل اعمق بثقافتنا المبنية، نحتاج دراسة عميقة لانواع المباني من قبل المصممين لفهم مبادئ التصميم وراء كل نوع. الغرض الاساسي من هذا النوع من الدراسة ليس النسخ وانما لتحويل تلك المبادئ لتكون اكثر توافقا مع القيم المعاصرة. الاستفادة من التراث الثقافي لا يعني بالضرورة انكار الواقع الحاضربكل تحدياته ولكن التاسيس لنوع من الاستمرارية ما بين الماضي والحاضر. "الابداع" لا يعني رفض الماضي بالكلية بل الاتصال به وتحويله ليكون انسب للثقاقة المعاصرة مما يضمن الاستمرارية.</span></div>
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<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يلفت رودريك لورانس انتباهنا ان العمارة كانت مقوم من مقومات الموروث الثقافي التي اكتسبت عبر مئات السنين في ثقافات ما قبل التصنيع او الحداثة. الدين، كخيار ثقافي، كان له تاثير قوي على المسكن والمستوطنة بشكل عام في ثقافات ما قبل الحداثة كما يشير رابوبورت. يناقش كلا من لورانس ورابوبورت تاثير العوامل الاجتماعية-الثقافية و الدينية على المجتمعات البدائية حيث كان لرمزية الدين وطقوسه تاثير قوي على البيئة المبنية. لم يتطرق احدهما لتاثير القواعد المعتمدة على الدين كعوامل خفية وراء تشكيل البيئات المبنية التقليدية.</span></div>
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<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">هذه الدراسة لا تتعامل مع الدين كمحدد اوحد لانساق المدن، المستوطنات والمساكن بالرغم من تاثير الدين القوي على تلك الانساق في العديد من الثقافات. غالبية الابحاث التي درست تاثير الدين على البيئة المبنية كانت ردة فعل للمدخل المادي القطعي. اعتبار الدين كمحدد اوحد لشكل البيئة المبنية التقليدية حول تلك الابحاث لنموذج قطعي ولكن لامادي.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">انشغل آموس رابوبورت، سوزان كنت، ورودريك لورانس على المجتمعات البدائية ما قبل الحداثة خاصة المسكن بشكل اقرب الى مجالات الايثنوجرافيا والانثروبولوجي. أما جميل اكبر وباسم حكيم فقد حاولا اظهارمدى تاثير العوامل الاجتماعية الثقافية، وبالاخص الدين، على التفاعلات الاجتماعيىة اليومية وبالتالي البيئة المبنية في محيط البيئة المبنية العربية الاسلامية. يعتبر بحث فيرنيه مودون عن حي الامو بسان فرانسيسكوا من الاعمال القليلة التي درست العلاقة بين العوامل الاجتماعية الثقافية ومدى مرونة الفراغ العمراني عبر عقود عديدة بل وعبر مستويات متعددة، من الغرفة وصولا الى الحي. أما هابراكن وتيرنر فتعتبر ابحاثهم من الابحاث الهامة عن "القواعد" الاجتماعية الثقافية في مجال الاسكان ومفهوم التحكم والمسؤولية. كل تلك الابحاث تمكنت بشكل عام من الربط ما بين دراسات البيئة والسلوك ودراسات الردودية.</span></div>
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<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يعتبر الجانب الحوسبي في ابحاث كل من هيلير وهانسون قاعدة هامة في التعامل مع الجانب الاجتماعي من ابحاث كنت وابحاث اخرى ذات طابع انثروبولوجي واثنوجرافي عن البيئة المبنية. أبحاث هيلير هي في المقام الاول وصفية وتحليلية اكثر مما هي نقدية. اعتمادا على نتائج تلك الدراسات امكن التوصل لبعض النتائج التوليدية مثل التي اجراها آدم دولجراكيس والتي اضافت بعض جوانب البرمجة الجينية. تلك الاضافة قد تمكن من تطبيق والتجريب على ما يمكن ان يطلق عليه القواعد التوليدية التطلعية والتي سبق التنظير لها في اعمال كل من حكيم واكبر ومودون.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">من الابحاث الهامة ايضا المتعلقة بالجانب الحوسبي التي اجراها كارل بوفيل على الفركتلات في العمارة وبالاخص البدائية وابحاث مايكل باتي على مستوى المدينة. تلك الدراسات السابق ذكرها تمكنت من ربط دراسات البيئة والسلوك مع مجال دراسات التعقد. بن حموش تعمق اكثر في دراسة تلك الرابطة بشكل نظري وعمل عليها بول كوتس بشكل تطبيقي فيما عرف بلوغريتمات المدينة الاسلامية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; white-space: pre;"> </span></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Where change is perceptible, rapid change makes change itself even more visible. Velocity becomes a concrete condition, not just a measure of speed. Rapid change in cities has highly legible moments—the material reality of buildings, transport systems, replacements of modest shops with luxury shops and of modes middle-classes with the rich professional class, a bike-path where there was none—and they can be both good and not so good. Further, when rapid transformation happens simultaneously in several cities with at least some comparable conditions, it also makes visible how diverse the spatial outcomes can be even when the underlying dynamics might be quite similar. All of this brings to the fore the differing degrees of openness of cities. I prefer thinking of this as the incompleteness of cities, which means that they can constantly be remade, for better or for worse. It is this incompleteness that has allowed some of the world's great old cities to outlast kingdoms, empires, nation-states and powerful firms.”</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Sassen, 2011, p. 2)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The built environment needs to be responsive in the face of unexpected changing conditions whether quantifiable (climatic, technical, economic, demographic) or latent and non-quantifiable (social, cultural). This shows the need for a flexible built environment that is supportive to accommodate both synchronic diversity and diachronic change (Rapoport, 1990).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is important to note that the quality and rate of change within traditional built environments has greatly differed compared to contemporary ones. Conditions of cultural stability, social homogeneity and slow rate of technological advancement characterized the traditional built environment as opposed to the contemporary impact of infrastructure and rapid urbanization rates. Despite of this fact, studying the factors that made these environments adaptive to various types of change can be valuable in dealing with contemporary conditions.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Amos Rapoport states that a principle reason for flexibility and open-endedness is to maximize the user’s choice that allows for diversity and change of life. He explains that choice and transformation are the most ‘traditional’ way to achieve congruence, which he defines as the users’ ability to design and shape the surrounding environment without questioning group norms (Rapoport, 1990).</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"عندما يكون التغيير ملموسا، سريعا يصبح اكثر وضوحا. السرعة اصبحت واقعا وليست فقط مقياسا. التغير السريع في المدن له تجلياته سواء على المباني، نظم الانتقال،أو في استبدال الاسواق بالمراكز التجارية الفاخرة. التغير قد يكون للاحسن او للاسوأ. عندما يحدث التحول سريعا في مدن متعددة في نفس الوقت يظهر جليا مدى تنوع التغيرات الفراغية حتى لو تشابهت الاسباب وراءها. كل هذا يضع امامنا الدرجات المختلفة من مدى انفتاح المدن. أنا افضل ان اعتبره مدى عدم اكتمال المدن مما يعني ان المدن يعاد تصنيعها بشكل مستمر سواء كان هذا للاحسن او للاسوأ. عدم الاكتمال هذا هو ما سمح لبعض من اقدم واكبر مدن العالم من ان تحيا فيما مضت ممالك وامم</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ساسن</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">البيئة المبنية تحتاج ان تتجاوب مع التغيرات غير المتوقعة سواء امكن حصرها مثل التغيرات المناخية، الاقتصادية، السكانية او لا يمكن حصرها مثل التغيرات الاجتماعية والثقافية. مما يعني ان هناك احتياج لبيئات مبنية مرنة لها القدرة على التعامل مع التنوع و التغير. من المهم في هذا السياق ان ننتبه الى ان نوعية وتسارع التغيرات في البيئة التقليدية تختلف عنها في البيئة المعاصرة.يرجع ذلك لعوامل عدة منها الاستقرار الثقافي، والتجانس المجتمعي والتحولات التقنية البطيئة بالمقارنة بالعصر الحديث حيث النمو العمراني والتقني السريع وتاثير ذلك على البنى الاساسية للمدن. بالرغم من ذلك الاختلاف، فان دراسة العوامل التي كانت وراء قدرة المدن التقليدية على التكيف مع التغير قد تكون مفيدة في التعامل مع التحولات المعاصرة. آموس رابوبورت يوضح ان من اهم العوامل وراء الانفتاح والمرونة هو تعظيم القدرة على الاختيار مما يسمح بالتنوع. ويبين رابوبورت ان تلك كانت من اهم الخواص التي اعتمدت عليها الطرق التقليدية لتحقيق الانسجام والذي يعرفه على انه القدرة على تشكيل البيئة المبنية بدون التشكيك في القيم الجمعية لمجتمع ما.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Resilient Systems</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Resilience thinking is system thinking: it provides a framework to understand socio-ecological systems. It’s about seeing systems as a whole that operates across different scales in time and space. This framework of understanding puts into consideration linkages between components of the system, thresholds between states of equilibrium</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[1]</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, and adaptive cycles. It’s about understanding and embracing change and adaptability, as opposed to striving for constancy and control (Walker & Salt, 2006).</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Three imperative concepts to this paradigm are suggested by Walker and Salt (Walker & Salt, 2006):</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">· We are all part of social systems that are highly interconnected.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">· Socio-ecological systems are complex adaptive systems that behave in a nonlinear and unpredictable manner.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">· These systems are resilient. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The physical definition of resilience is the ability of a material to accept large deflection without damage where deflection is limited either by yield (permanent deformation) or by fracture (Ashby & Johnson, 2002). From system perspective, resilience is “</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the capacity of a system to absorb and utilize or even benefit from perturbations and changes that attain it and to persist without a qualitative change in the system's structure</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">” (Van der Leeuw & Leygonie, 2000, p. 9).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">A system can be called ‘resilient’ when it operates in such a way that it can utilize its potential abilities to the maximum possible extent in a controlled manner, either in expected or unexpected situations (Hollnagel, Woods, & Leveson, 2006). Following are some of the main characteristics of resilient systems branching from the three main concepts previously mentioned and based on Wildavsky</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[2]</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> work (Pelling, 2003): social networks, slow knowledge, diversity, redundancy, tight feedbacks and complexity.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Resilience in the Built Environment</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The process where the city takes form can be seen as series of negotiations between what exists and what is new (Moudon, 1986). Neighborhood fabric is gradually modified. This shows that change is incremental in nature. Change and transformation occurs at the scale of the lot as it is the basic cell of the neighborhood, and eventually the city also changes. As cells, lots are responsible for the emergence of the pattern of the grain of the city and determining its scale. Consequently, grain and scale define who controls which territory of the city (Moudon, 1986). The smaller the increment of land ownership, the more the diversity created in the environment. Lot size has an influence on the rebuilding rate of the city. As smaller lots are cheaper they are more accessible to a greater portion of the population (Moudon, 1986).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Needs and preferences of users that come with their activities and available technologies and standards must to be accommodated by a built environment that is resilient, adaptable and responsive to the previous through certain mechanisms and rules, systems (Rapoport, 1990).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Resilience of traditional rules system</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Introduction</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tradition is defined in the Concise Oxford Dictionary (Oxford Dictionaries, 2010) as: “</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a long-established custom or belief that has been passed on from one generation to another</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">”. The term is used unconsciously contrasting modernization but it is much more complex than this. The term implies: rural in contrast to urban, old (something that belongs to the past), and this can be pre-literate, pre-colonial, pre-independence, or pre-industrial (Rapoport, 1989). The term ‘tradition’ can have a positive or a negative connotation, where the latter being more common. It can be a neutral one as well. The concept of tradition is not rejected all the way. It is possible, in some cases, that traditional artifacts can be admired while the traditions behind their production are rejected (Rapoport, 1989).</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8488975659561420841" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traditions and Resilience</span></a></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this section the relation between the notions of traditions and resilience will be discussed from different aspects including its relation to Islamic law (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Šarīʿah</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> شريعة).</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8488975659561420841" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transmission of tradition</span></a></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In all the great cultural undertakings of the human race, the oral transmission of tradition plays a great role</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">”</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Edward Shils</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[1]</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> cited in (Tuan, 1989)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Transmission is the essence of tradition (Bourdier, 1989). Tradition would be knowledge transmitted, handed down or passed on what is of value, whether through speech, writing or drawing (Bourdier, 1989). Establishment and maintenance of tradition requires the passing of its essential elements from members of a group to their successors. There can be different kinds of traditions since anything can become a tradition by being transmitted over time (Rapoport, 1989). Transmission can be through different mechanisms but it always involves people. Only people are capable of translating schemata and patterns into built form (Rapoport, 1989).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">For the traditional, vernacular, historical environments to be studied and learnt from, it is essential to study and analyze them in terms of concepts, and derive lessons that are applicable to research, theory-building or design. Learning from tradition can be in different ways that are all valuable. It can be about specifics, process or characteristics of a product.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The term ‘traditional’ has different connotations in general and specifically in connection with the built environments. To clarify these concepts a large number of attributes or characteristics need to be defined (Rapoport, 1989). Rapoport sees that no single attribute or characteristic is sufficient to define the complex concepts of tradition or traditional. This is done through content-analysis of literature.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tradition is a general concept that applies to a wide range of domains. It is then necessary to relate the general attributes of tradition to traditional built environments. Traditional Built environments are often referenced as primitive or vernacular. Sometimes spontaneous or popular environments are often referred to as traditional. While these settlements are different from traditional built environments, they are the closest thing to them these days (Rapoport, 1989).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Change and the resilience of traditions</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Within the built environment, traditions involve the settlement’s spatial patterns and organization, social structure, territorial control and ownership. All these aspects that are defined by tradition are subject to change. Properties of behavioral norms are all reflected in the patterns of public and private spaces within the settlement (Tuan, 1989).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traditional built form responded effectively to change in culture (Rapoport 1990). As a result, traditional systems are now being regarded as resilient management alternatives (Adger, Kelly, & Ninh, 2001). This resilience is thought to be supported through collective inner spirit (Crysler, 2003). Individual differences in traditional environments are much less compared to contemporary ones. The increasing rate of individuality that comes with the process of modernization results in a rupture in the continuity of tradition (Rapoport, 1989). One can still observe effective communication in traditional setting and spontaneous (squatter) settlements more than in professionally designed environments (Rapoport, 1990).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Batty and Longley in their study on fractal cities, states that when systems are changed, they change at a local level rather than globally (Batty & Longely, 1994). In this way they develop a degree of spatial resilience that is manifested in the persistence of their form as can be seen in many of the traditional city cores around the world (Batty & Longely, 1994). He also mentions that the uniqueness and autonomy of the traditional dwellings and settlements is an outcome of the internal resilience of tradition itself. This is evident in the capacity of traditional buildings and modes of social organization to cope with challenges like rapid urbanization (Batty & Longely, 1994).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tuan associates tradition with constraint, where constraint means a return to unquestionable customs and moral codes (Tuan, 1989). In traditional built environments, techniques of construction and the use of space are being formalized in accordance with customs, and with known and tried techniques. As a result, traditions and norms of behavior turn into a coordinated system and codified framework of behavior (Bourdier, 1989).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There is a distinction between traditions and customs: while a characteristic of traditions is invariance, custom does not preclude innovation and change; it cannot afford to be invariant (Hobsbawm & Ranger, 1983; Oliver, 1989). Tradition is interpreted here as a rule system while custom is the manner in which it is practiced (Oliver, 1989).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Šarīʿah</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fiqh</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Regarding the notion of rules, Otto defines Islamic law (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Šarīʿah</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> شريعة) as a set of rules based on the revelation by God to the Prophet Mohammad (Otto, 2010). Islamic jurisprudence (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fiqh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> فقه) was developed to interpret Šarīʿah from the available resources (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Qur’an</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and Prophet's sayings). It has been the principal objective of Islamic scholars to discover and develop the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Šarīʿah</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> as a concrete body of rules and principles (Otto, 2010). </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fiqh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> has been able to cope with the diversity in Muslim societies as a result of its open, discursive nature, which bridges the gap between divine abstract source and variety of human behaviors and contexts.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fiqh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> فقه is the interpretations of Islamic jurists (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fuqaha’</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> فقهاء) of the code of conduct (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Šarīʿah</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) expounded in the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Qur’an</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, often supplemented by the Prophet’s deeds and sayings (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sunnah </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">سُنَّه). </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fuqaha’</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> used several tools such as analogy (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">qiyas</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> قياس) and historical consensus (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ijmāʿ</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> إجماع) to arrive at a set of principles (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fiqh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">) that interpret the rules of </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Šarīʿah</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. This process is known as (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ijtihad</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> اجتهاد). This resulted in the emergence of several schools of thoughts with different views on the details of applying </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Šarīʿah</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">madh’hab</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> مذهب). </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fiqh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> can be regarded as the process of gaining knowledge of Islam through jurisprudence (Levy, 1957). </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fiqh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> refers to the body of Islamic law extracted from detailed Islamic sources, which are studied in the principles of Islamic jurisprudence (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">usul alfiqh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> أصول الفقه) (Levy, 1957). </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fiqh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> covers two main areas: rules in relation to actions (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘amaliyya </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">عملية) and Rules in relation to circumstances surrounding actions (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">wadia’ </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">وضعية</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. There are also two main groups of</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Fiqh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Worships (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ibadaat </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">عبادات) and Dealings and transactions (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Mua’malaat </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">معاملات</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">)</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (التويجري، 2009).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Šarīʿah</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> can be regarded as constant or as a tradition. Traditions constitute the general structure that is resilient to change over time (Hobsbawm & Ranger, 1983). </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fiqh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> is dynamic, for it is about how the general principles of </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Šarīʿah</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> are applied in the various and ever changing aspects of life. It can be considered as a robust mechanism to deal with change in relations and needs (زرواق، 2009).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Due to the limited scope of the study at hand, it only focuses on the traditional built environments in the Middle East region that were mostly inhabited by Arabs and ruled, during a certain period of time, by the Islamic </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Šarīʿah</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, hence they are mostly referred to in the study at hand as the Arab-Islamic built environments. It is worth noting that the same aspect of resilience can be valid for socio-cultural rules system in traditional contexts of other regions, such as the Mediterranean and African regions (Hakim, 1986; Hakim, 2001; Hakim, 2008).</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Change, tradition and continuity: the case of the Arab-Islamic city</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neither </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Qur’an</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> nor </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sunnah</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Prophet’s deeds and sayings) contains explicit urban planning codes that could be implemented in planning and designing Muslim built environments. On the other hand, Islam, through its </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Šarīʿah</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, has provided principles that organize the way of life in Muslim communities and their built environments (Mortada, 2003).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Šarīʿah,</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> as Islamic legal tradition can be considered as a shape of tradition (Al-Hathloul, 1981). However, since tradition implies imitation, it should be made clear how it was able to adapt to change (Al-Hathloul, 1981). In the traditional Arab-Islamic city, the process of growth and change was regulated by a framework of legal principles (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">qawaíd fiqhiyya </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">قواعد فقهية). Within this framework, a system of commonly understood rules was followed and respected in decision making (Hakim, 2010). Table 3.1 shows the five principles that served as the basis upon which secondary principles and rules were established. The rest of this chapter will refer only to the first and last principles.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">المنظومات الردودية</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">نموذج التفكيرعن الردودية هو نموذج منظومي في الاساس حيث يمثل اطار لفهم النظم البيئية الاجتماعية. هذا النموذج ينظر للانظمة بشكل كلي حيث تعمل مكوناتها على مستويات مختلفة في الزمان والمكان. هذا الاطار للفهم يضع في الاعتبار الروابط بين مكونات النظام، المساحات الفاصلة بين حالات الاتزان، ودوائر التكيف. هو اطار لفهم و تقبل التغير والتكيف معه بدلا من السعي للثبات والسيطرة عليه.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">هذا النموذج يعتمد على ثلاث مفاهيم اساسية يقترحها واكر وسولت وكتابهما عن "التفكير الردودي" :</span></div>
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<li dir="rtl" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 48px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">نحن كلنا جزء من منظومة اجتماعية شديدة التشابك.</span></div>
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<li dir="rtl" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 48px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">المنظومات البيئية الاجتماعية هي منظومات مركبة قادرة على التكيف لها سلوك غير خطي ولا يمكن التنبئ به.</span></div>
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<li dir="rtl" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 48px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تلك المنظومات تتمتع بخاصية الردودية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التفسير المادي للردودية هو قدرة المادة على تقبل اكبر كم من الانحراف بدون ضرر مع الوضع في الاعتبار ان الانحراف حده الوصول لمرحلة التشوه الدائم او الكسر.ومن الممكن تعريف الردودية من منظور الانظمة على انها قدرة اي منظومة على امتصاص واستخدام بل والاستفادة من الاضطرابات والتغيرات التي تحدث حيث تستمر المنظومة في الاداء بدون تغيير نوعي في بنيتها. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يمكن ان نطلق على منظومة انها ردودية عندما تعمل بشكل يمكنها من الانتفاع بامكانياتها للحد الاقصى بشكل محكم في كل الاحوال سواء كانت متوقعة ام لا. سنتعرض فيما يلي لبعض الخصائص الاساسية للمنظومات الردودية والتي تتفرع عن المفاهيم الاساسية الثلاثة التي سبق ذكرها: الشبكات الاجتماعية، المعرفة البطيئة، التنوع، الزيادة عن الحاجة، كفاءة الاسترجاع، والتعقد.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">الردودية في البيئة المبنية</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">من الممكن النظر الى عملية تشكل المدينة على انها سلسلة من المفاوضات بين ما هو موجود وما هو مستجد. النسيج العمراني للمدينة يتجدد باستمرار وبشكل متدرج. من خلال هذا نرى ان التغير في المدينة ذو طبيعة تراكمية. يحدث التغير والتحول على مستويات مختلفة بدءا من قطعة الارض التي بمثابة الخلية الاساسية للحي او المجاورة حتى يصل التأثير للمدينة كلها. قطع الاراضي مثل الخلايا هي المسؤولة عن نشأة النسق الحبيبي للمدينة. هذا النسق الحبيبي هو الذي يتحدد على اساسه من يسيطر على اي حيز في المدينة حيث كلما صغر حجم الحيازة كلما زاد التنوع في البيئة المبنية. مساحة قطع الاراضي لها تاثير على دائرة البناء والهدم في المدينة حيث كلما صغرت قطع الاراضي قل سعرها وبالتالي اصبحت متاحة امام شريحة اوسع من سكان المدينة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">لابد للبيئة المبنية من ان تسع احتياجات وتفضيلات ساكني المدينة او شاغلي الحيز العمراني والتي تنشأ من نشاطتهم والتقنيات المتاحة. وبالتالي يجب ان تكون لها القدرة على التكيف والارتداد والتجاوب من خلال مجموعة من الميكانيزمات والقواعد.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ردودية منظومة القواعد التقليدية</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">مقدمة</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التقاليد كما هي معرفة في قاموس اوكسفورد هي عادات او اعتقادات اسست على مر زمن طويل وتم تمريرها من جيل لآخر. هذا اللفظ غالبا ما ارتبط بالريف اكثر من الحضر، او يوحي بالقدم او يذكرنا بالماضي، الامية، ما قبل الاستعمار والحداثة. لتلك اللفظة دلالات بعضها ايجابي والاخر سلبي وهو الأغلب. مفهوم التقاليد ليس مرفوضا على الاطلاق. ففي بعض الحالات يكون نتاج التقاليد محط اعجاب فيما تكون التقاليد التي وراءه مرفوضة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التقاليد والردودية</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">في ما يلي سوف نتعرض للعلاقة بين التقاليد والردودية من اكثر من وجه وعلاقة ذلك بالشريعة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تناقل التقاليد</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"لعب النقل الشفهي للتقاليد دورا كبيرا خلال كل الثقافات العظمى التي مرت بالانسانية"</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ادوارد شيلز</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">كما يقول بورديه فان النقل هو جوهر التقاليد. فهو يرى ان التقاليد هي المعرفة والقيم عندما تنتقل سواء كان ذلك شفهيا، كتابة، او حتى رسما. ترسيخ وصيانة تلك التقاليد يتطلب تمرير مكوناتها الاساسية من جيل للذي يليه. قد يكون هناك انواع متعددة من التقاليد حيث ان اي فعل قد يتحول الى تقليد عندما يتم تناقله عبر الاجيال بشرط ان يتعلق بالناس. فكما يرى رابوبورت فان الناس وحدهم هم القادرون على تحويل النساق والمخططات الى صورة مبنية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">الصفات المميزة للتقاليد</span></div>
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<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">حتى يتسنى دراسة البيئات التقليدية، البدائية، التاريخية والتعلم منها فمن الضروري تحليلها الي مفاهيم واستخلاص الدروس ااتي من الممكن تطبيقها بالبحث، بناء وتطوير النظرية، والتصميم. قد تختلف اوجه التعلم من التقاليد ولكن تبقى كلها ذات قيمة. حيث قد تكون عن الخصوصيات، العملية، او خصائص المنتج نفسه.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">لفظة تقليدي لها بالعديد من الدلالات بشكل عام وفيما يتعلق بالبيئة المبنية على وجه الخصوص. لتوضيح تلك المفاهيم المرتبطة بالتقاليد يجب اولا تعريف العديد من الخصائص للتقاليد. يرى رابوبورت انه لا توجد صفة مميزة واحدة تكفي لتعريف المفاهيم المعقدة المتعلقة بالتقاليد وبما هو تقليدي. فيما يلي سنتعرض لتلك المفاهيم والخصائص عن طريق تحليل محتوى الادبيات التي ناقشت موضوع التقاليد.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التقاليد هو مفهوم عام قد ينطبق على العديد من المجالات. لذا فمن الضروري ان نربط بعض الخصائص العامة بالتقاليد مع البيئة المبنية. البيئة المبنية التقليدية عادة ما تذكر على انها بدائية وفي بعض الاوقات على انها تلقائية او شعبية. يرى رابوبورت انه بالرغم من ان كل تلك التسميات تختلف عما هو تقليدي الا انها اقرب ما يكون لها في العصر الحديث.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التغير وردودية التقاليد</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التقاليد في البيئة المبنية تتضمن الانساق الفراغية، البنية الاجتماعية، السيطرة على الاحوزة وملكياتها. كل تلك المناحي التي تعرفها التقاليد هي عرضة للتغير. تنعكس كل صفات المعاييىر السلوكية على انساق الفراغات العامة والخاصة داخل المستوطنة كما يرى توان.</span></div>
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<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">كما يوضح رابوبورت فان البناء التقليدي استجاب بكفاءة للتغير في الثقافة. وبالتالي فمن الممكن رؤية ان الانظمة التقليدية كاحد بدائل الادارة ردودية. تدعم هذه الخاصية الردودية من خلال الروح الجماعية الداخلية. الاختلافات الفردية في المجتمعات التقليدية هي اقل بكثير مما هي عليه في المجتمعات المعاصرة. زيادة الفردية والتي تاتي مع عملية التحديث نتج عنها قطع في استرارية انتقال التقاليد. لا نزال نستطيع ملاحظة الاتصال الكفء في البيئات التلقائية اكثر مما نستطيع في البيئات المصممة احترافيا.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يبين باتي ولانجلي في دراساتهم للمدن الفراكتالية انه عندما تتغي النظم يكون هذا التغير على مستوى محلي اكثر من ان يكون على مستوى شامل. وبهذه الطريقة تتطور المنظومات درجة من الردودية الفراغية والتي تتجسد في الثبات في الشكل مثلما نرى في قلب المدن التقليدية حول العالم. كما يذكران ان تفرد واستفلالية المساكن والمستوطنات التقليدية هو نتاج الردودية الداخلية للتقاليد ذاتها. يستدل على ذلك من قابلية المباني التقليدية ,واساليب التنظيم الاجتماعي على التاقلم مع تحديات مثل ظاهرة التحضر السريع.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يربط توان التقاليد بالمحددات حيث يعني بالمحددات العودة للعادات والقواعد الاخلاقية التي ليست محل خلاف ولا جدال. تقنيات البناء واسايب استغلال الفراغات والمساحات في البيئات المبنية التقليدية تم تشكيلها على وفاق مع الاعراف وما هو مجرب. وبالتالي اصبحت التقاليد والعادات بمثابة منظمومة منسقة متسقة مع السلوك في اطار واحد.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يجب ان نتبنه الى ان هناك فرق بين التقاليد والعادات فما يميز التقاليد هو الثبات مقارنة بالعادات التي لا تسمح بالتغير والتطور. التقاليد هنا تعني نظام القواعد فيما العادات تعني السلوك والطريقة التي تمارس بها تلك التقاليد.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">الشريعة والفقه</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">اما النسبة لفكرة القواعد فان اوتو يعرف الشريعة او القانون الاسلامي على انه مجموعة القواعد المرتكزة على القران والسنة النبوية. تطور الفقة الاسلامي لفهم الشريعة بحسب المصادر الاساسية (القرآن والسنة). لقد كان الهدف الاساسي للفقهاء المسلمين ان يكتشفوا ويطوروا الشريعة كركيزة صلبة من القواعد والمبادئ. لقد كان الفقه قادرعلى ان يتفاعل مع مع التنوع في المجتمعات المسلمة نتيجة لطبيعته المنفتحة، الجدلية والتي تعبر الهوة ما بين المصدر الالهي المجرد والاختلاف في السلوك والسياق الانساني.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">اذن فالفقه هو فهم الفقهاء المسلمين للشريعة الاسلامية كمجموعة من قواعد التعامل من مصادرها الاساسية في القرآن مدعومة بالسنة النبوية من اقوال وافعال الرسول. استعمل الفقهاء العديد من الادوات للوصول لمجموعة من القواعد لفهم الشريعة منها: القياس والاجماع. عرفت تلك العملية بالاجتهاد والتي نشأ عنها العديد من المدارس الفكرية لها وجهات نظر مختلفة في تفاصي تطبيق الشريعة عرفت لاحقا بالمذاهب الفقية. من الممكن النظر الى الفقه على انه عملية كسب المعرفة بالسلام من خلال فلسفة التشريع. يطلق الفقه على القانون الاسلامي المعتمد على المصادر الاسلامية (اصول الفقه). يغطي الفقه موضوعان اساسيان: القواعد المتعلقة بالافعال (القواعد العملية) والقواعد التعلقة بالظروف المحيطة بالافعال (القواعد الوضعية). كما تنقسم القواعد الفقية الى عبادات ومعاملات. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">أما الشريعة فمن الممكن النظر لها على انها الثابت او من الممكن اعتبارها نوع من التقاليد حيث انا التقاليد تمثل الاطار العام الذي تمتع بالردودية تجاه التغير عبر الزمن. بذلك يمكن اعتبار الفقه هو متحرك حيث انه تعامل مع تطبيق قواعد الشريعة العامة في سياقات دائمة التغير والاختلاف. لذلك فهو يعتبر نوع من الميكانيزمات المرنة التي تتعامل مع التغير في العلاقات والاحتياجات.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">نظرا لمحدوية تلك الدراسة فسوف يكون التركيز على البيئات المبنية التقليدية في منطقة الشرق المتوسط والتي يسكنها غاليبة من العرب وكانت تحكمها في فترة من الوقت الشريعة الاسلامية ولذلك فسوف يرجع اليها عبر الرسالة على انها البيئات المبنية الاسلامية العربية التقليدية. من الجدير بالذكر ان هناك دراسات اخرى قد اهتمت بمفهوم الردودية في منظومات اجتماعية ثقافية في محيطات وسياقات تقليدية اخرى غير تلك المنطقة مثل حوض البحر المتوسط وقلب القارة الافريقيا.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التغير، التقاليد والاستمرارية: حالة المدينة العربية الاسلامية</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">لم يحتوي القرآن ولا السنة النبوية على على قوانين محددة للتخطيط العمراني من الممكن ان تطبق مباشرة في تخطيط وتصميم البيئات المبنية الاسلامية. ومن الجهة الاخرى فان الاسلام ومن خلال شريعته قد ارسى قواعد عامة لتنظيم الحياة في المجتمعات الاسلامية وبيئاتها المبنية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">وبما ان لفظة تقاليد توحي بالنقل والتقليد فمن الواجب توضيح كيف ان تلك التقاليد كانت قادرة على التكيف مع التغيير. كانت عملية النمو والتغير في المدينة العربية الاسلامية تنتظم في اطار من القواعد الفقهية. من خلال هذا الاطار ظهرت منظومة من القواعد المتفق عليها مجتمعيا اتبعت في اتخاذ القرارات المتعلقة بالبناء والتصميم. الجدول يوضح المبادئ الخمسة الاساسية التي بنيت عليها مجموعة اخرى من القواعد. بقية هذا الفصل سوف تناقش المبدأين الاول والاخير.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[1]</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Equilibrium indicates rest state of a dynamic system (Goldstein, 2001). الاستقرار هنا بمعنى حالة السكون المؤقت لنظام دائم الحركة</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[2]</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Aaron Wildavsky was an American political scientist known for his pioneering work in public policy, government budgeting, and risk management. “Searching for Safety” is one of his important publications on the concept of resilient systems (Gale, 2003).</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Principle</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Description</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">la Ḍarar wa-la Ḍirar</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">لا ضرر و لا ضرار</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Do not harm others and others should not harm you</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">al-umur bi-maqasidiha</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> الأمور بمقاصدها</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Affairs are determined by their intent</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">al-yaqin la yazul bi-l-shakk</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> اليقين لا يزول بالشك</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Certainty is not removed by doubt</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">al-mashaqqa tajlib al-taysir</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">المشقة تجلب التيسير</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hardship brings relief</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">al-ada muhakkima </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">العادة محَكَّمة</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Custom has the weight of law</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8488975659561420841" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Table</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.1 The five main legal principles of </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fiqh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">qawaíd fiqhiyya </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">قواعد فقهية</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">), Based on (Hakim, 2010)</span></span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="296"></col><col width="44"></col><col width="284"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">These principles represented a set of overarching rules that guided the behavior of individuals within the built environment and the interactions among them (Hakim, 2010). Consequently, these principles had a significant influence on the built form of cities in the regions under Islamic rule. These set of rules were mainly characterized by their implicit and proscriptive nature. This allowed for the generation of a diversity of innovative solutions in response to the surrounding condition (Hakim, 2007).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traditional Muslim cities are characterized by their complex urban fabric, which is the product of an accumulative process of activities over time. In shaping their built environment, people were subconsciously influenced by the rules of conduct that originated from the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Šarīʿah</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, and were guided by </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fiqh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. These rules that turned into legal mechanisms were documented by Muslim scholars for jurisprudence purposes, a few of which were recently discovered through the study of old manuscripts that were mostly published in Arabic, Persian and Ottoman languages. Any analysis of the urban form and morphology of Muslim cities must pass through the understanding of these social codes of conduct that acted as an informal regulation system and formed an underlying system in Muslim societies (Ben Hamouche, 2009b).</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traditional Rules System</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The rule system is defined as the underlying system of rules and codes, which Islamic culture has established to guide and control societal activities, including decisions and activities related to design and construction</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Hakim, 2001, p. 87)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hakim mentions two types of rules system; one is a centralized imposed set of rules that was previously discussed and referred to as (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">qawaíd fiqhiyya </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">قواعد فقهية</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">). Hakim refers to these principles as “</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">meta-principles</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">”. The other is a system of localized community-based customary rules (</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Urf</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> العرف). These two types of systems operated simultaneously in Islamic culture (Hakim, 2001).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Building activity was the concern of Islamic </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fiqh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> from its very early phases as it is concerned with all aspects of public and private life of Muslims. Problems arising from building activities were viewed by </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fiqh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> as problem arising from interaction</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[2]</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">amongst people (Hakim, 1982). Applying the principles of </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fiqh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in the context of the built environment provided the freedom to act within certain limits. Thus </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fiqh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> was proscriptive in nature in the sense that it is not prescribing specific preconceived requirements for solving problems (Akbar, 1988a). This liberty allowed generating responsive solutions for local problems within local conditions. Thus diversity is achieved, since every locality becomes unique in character (Hakim, 2008). The system incorporates customs as well as adapting to changes in these customs across time.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Table 3.2 lists some of the main societal processes that are closely related to the built environment, mostly based on the work of Hakim (2008) and Akbar (1988a). These processes had their direct impact on the form of the traditional Arab-Islamic city. A rules system that is based on </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fiqh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> principles was applied to these societal processes and regulated the design and construction activities and decisions related to them accordingly</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[3]</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.</span></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تلك المبادئ هي بمثابة قواعد عامة مرشدة لسلوك الافراد خلال البيئة المبنية والتفاعلات بينهم. وبالتالي فان هذه المبادئ كان لها التاثير القوي على شكل المدن في هذه المنطقة تحت الحكم الاسلامي. تميزت تلك المجموعة من المبادئ بطبيعتها الضمنية التطلعية مما سمح بتوليد مجموعة متنوعة من الحلول التصميمة المبتكرة استجابة للظروف المحيطة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تميزت المدن الاسلامية التقليدية بنسيجها العمراني المركب والذي نتج من عملية تراكمية لمجموعة من النشاطات عبر الزمن. خلال تشكل البيئة المبنية تاثر سكانها بمجموعة من المبادئ السلوكية المرتكزة على الشريعة والفقه. تحولت تلك المبادئ الى مياكينزمات تشريعية وثقها العلماء المسلمين لاغراض تتعلق بفلسفة القانون. تم اكتشاف القليل من تلك المصنفات والمراجع من خلال دراسة المخطوطات القديمة باللغات العربية، الفارسية والعثمانية. اي تحليل للشكل العمراني وعملية تكوينه لابد لها من ان تمر بفهم تلك المبادئ الاجتماعية للسلوك والتي كانت بمثابة منظومة غير رسمية للتنظيم شكلت البنية الخفية للمجتمعات المسلمة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">منظومة القواعد التقليدية</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"منظومة القواعد تعرف على انها النظام الضمنية من القواعد التي اسستها الثقافة الاسلامية لتوجيه و وارشاد النشاطات المجتمعية بما في ذلك القرارات والانشطة المتعلقة بالتصميم والانشاء."</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">حكيم 2001 ص. 87</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يذكر حكيم نوعان من منظومة القواعد احدهما مجموعة من القواعد المركزية المفروضة والتي سبق ذكرها من مبادئ عامة او ما يطلق عليه القواعد الفقهية. والتي يطلق عليها حكيم المبادئ الفوقية. المجموعة الاخرى هي منظومة من القواعد المحلية المرتكزة الى قاعدة من العادات الاجتماعية او ما يعرف بالعرف. عمل هذان النوعان من المنظومات معا في الثقافة الاسلامية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">لقد كانت انشطة البناء محور اهتمام الفقه الاسلامي منذ مراحله المبكرة حيث انها ترتبط بكل مناحي الحياة الخاصة والعامة للمسلمين. لقد نظر الفقه للمشكلات التي نشات نتيجة لنشاطات البناء على انها ضمن المعاملات. ان تطبيق القواعد الفقهية في سياق البيئة المبنية قد اتاح قدر من الحرية في الفعل في حدود معينة. لذلك فيمكن ان نعتبر الفقه كان ذو طبيعة تحريمية حيث لم يضع متطلبات وصفية مسبقة لحل الازمات والمشاكل. تلك الحرية تولد عنها حلول قادرة على الاستجابة للمشكلات المحلية في اطار الظروف المحلية. مما نتج عنه حالة من التنوع حيث ان كل حالة لها خصوصيتها. استوعبت تلك المنظومة الاعراف ومع تغيرها عبر الزمن.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">الجدول ادناه يعرض بعض من العمليات المجتمعية شديدة الارتباط بالبيئة المبنية اعتمد اغلبها على اعمال حكيم واكبر. كان لتلك العمليات الاثر المباشر على شكل المدينة العربية الاسلامية التقليدية. تم تطبيق نظام القواعد المرتكزعلى المبادئ الفقية على تلك العمليات المجتمعية حيث نظم عمليات التصميم والبناء والقرارات المتعلقة بها.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">No.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Principle</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Description</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">‘Urf</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> العرف</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Customs</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tawr ̄ith</span><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> التوريث</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Inheritance</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shuf‘ah</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> الشفعة</span></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Pre-emption</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ihy ̄a</span><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> إحياء الأرض الموات</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Land revivification</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ḍarar</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> الضرر</span></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Principle of damage</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Asbaqiya حق الأسبقية</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Right of precedence</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Irtifaq </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">حق الارتفاق</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Servitude</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">8</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fina’</span><span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> فناء</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 1px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Right of appropriation of open spaces</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8488975659561420841" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Table</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3.2 Societal rules system based on </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">fiqh</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, based on the work of Hakim (2008) and Akbar (1988a)</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[1]</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Edward Shils was known for his research on the role of intellectuals and their relations to power and public policy (University of Chicago, 1995)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[2]</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The notion of interaction among agents will be discussed in chapter 4 as a quality of Complex Systems.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[3]</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Translations and transliteration used are according to (Al-Hathloul 1981)</span></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></div>
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<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 18pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="109" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/56Rw4SZPzmpT5sLREu8fyb0kavRNu_NpzXmbNjUKVdeeQGTgxwJ2gwVs7ffQX9gdc8rK878ZglwyAx3yKaC8x7HfU3zAv3aCblVEIIUnglWtggFWO2eZOAT_koBFDGSNsV72Ws-0" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="624" /></span></h2>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Figure (4.1) Complexity as the domain between Order and Chaos. Source: (Appelo, 2009)</span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="293"></col><col width="43"></col><col width="288"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 18pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Resilience in Complex Systems</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cities should be identified, understood, and treated neither like simple mechanical systems nor like disorganized complex systems, but as organized complexity.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">”</span></span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Jacobs, 1961, p. 434)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complexity</span></h3>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complexity can be regarded as an intricate order that is resilient to random shocks (Chu, 2011). Complexity paradigm changes our focus from the top-down to the bottom-up view with emphasis on structure and global order emerging from multiple simple local actions (Batty, 2007b). The notion of random interactions on the local level often makes complexity associated with disorder and chaos. This makes complexity considered to be the domain between linearly deterministic order and indeterminate chaos that can be called ‘deterministic chaos’ (Byrne, 2008) as Figure 4.1 shows. The development of deterministic Chaos Theory is computer-dependent. Starting from a deterministic situation the theory shows how, by means of an iterative process, the system moves from order to chaos (Portugali, 2011).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Theories concerned with ‘order out of chaos’ emerged in the 1960’s including complexity and self-organization theories. Chaos Theory and Fractal Theory have since become one of the leading theories of complexity. The terms ‘chaos’ and ‘fractals’ are sometimes used simultaneously or interchangeably. For instance, the fractal dimension can be viewed as a relative measure of complexity, and thus of chaos (Ben Hamouche, 2009b), while fractals are presented as part of Chaos Theory (Gleick, 1987). Fractal Theory can be also regarded as a subset of Chaos Theory as it is a geometric manifestation of complexity (Haghani, 2011). Chaos and Fractal Theories rely on a series of concepts that establish their structure and define their methodologies and techniques. Among the concepts that are directly linked to the physical environment are growth and self-similarity, randomness and unpredictability, dynamism and nonlinearity, order and disorder (Ben Hamouche, 2009b).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Self-organization</span></h3>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Self-organization, as a concept, was originally introduced to contemporary science in 1947 by the psychiatrist and engineer W. Ross Ashby and immediately adopted by cybernetics scientists. In the 1960’s it became associated with general system theory. It did not become common in the scientific literature until it was adopted by physists and researches in the field of complex systems in the 1970’s and 80’s. Cilliers proposes a definition of self-organization as “</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">a property of complex systems which enables them to develop or change internal structure spontaneously and adoptively in order to cope with, or manipulate, their environment</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">” (Cilliers, 1998, p. 80).</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">An example of self-organizing systems is language. “The laws of language do not tell us what to say, but prescribe the structure and the limits of the sayable” as Bill Hillier is quoted in an interview by Philip Ball (Ball, 2004). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 22.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complexity in the Built Environment</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This section will demonstrate how built environments can be regarded as complex systems. It traces this back to social sciences concerned with the city then it shows how the complexity theory of cities developed. In the end of the section a focus is made on the complexity in the Arab-Islamic traditional built environment.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complexity in social systems</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Social sciences have been concerned with the ‘spatial’ since 1970’s (Byrne, 2008). From the social science view, cities are considered as organizational social systems that their structure is changed through various decisions made through time based on diversity of choices (Batty, 2007b). Decisions result from mutual interactions on the local level through a web of connections between multitudes of social agents that social systems are composed of. The complexity of interactions makes it difficult to predict change and results in a nonlinear behavior. This basic feature is responsible for the production of complexity in social systems (Miller, 2007).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Evolution of Complexity paradigm of cities</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The science of city planning responded to the problems of the city through two main paradigms. During the first half of the 20</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 8.799999999999999px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">th</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> century the city was viewed as a machine. Controlling the city through deterministic and top-down plans was the modernist planners’ solution for the poor living conditions of the industrial cities of the 19</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 8.799999999999999px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">th</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> century. In the second half of the 20</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 8.799999999999999px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: super; white-space: pre-wrap;">th</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> century the city was regarded as a system. The science of complexity can be the basis for the third paradigm shift in city planning (Haghani, 2011).</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The city as a system</span></h4>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The rise of Dynamic Systems Theory in the 1960’s motivated city planners to revise traditional urban planning as popularized in various texts (Batty, 2007b). This systemic approach replaced the rigid planning methods with more flexible planning policies. The city was considered as a system, where numerous subsystems interact to create the whole. Accordingly, the city planning process included defining a systematic and hierarchical relation(s) among structural elements, by which any change in any element of the city is to correspond to the construction of the whole system. A system that would easily accommodate all the activities of a large number of people while having the flexibility to absorb growth and change. Thus, designing a city shifted from predicting the future of the city to predicting a structure of the city (Haghani, 2011).</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">One of the limitations of this approach is that it considered cities as systems in equilibrium and the planning role is to maintain this state. Although it is more realistic than the mechanistic approach, it was still considered by a group of city theoreticians and planners to be deterministic in nature (Haghani, 2011). For this group, this approach, still being top-down in nature, limited user participation which clearly conflicted with aspects of democratic city life (Batty, 2007b). Eventually, this has led to the rise of Complexity Theory as a paradigm in city design.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The city as a complex system</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“Cities should be identified, understood, and treated neither like simple mechanical systems nor like disorganized complex systems, but as organized complexity.”</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> (Jacobs, 1961, p. 434)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jacobs was one of the first theorists who called for treating the city as an organized complexity, the subject of life sciences, rather than as a machine (Haghani, 2011). The two previous approaches did not deal with the notion of uncertainty and complexity in the city.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Organized complexity proved to be a constructive way of thinking about urban systems revealing their capacities using the tools of feedback, neighbor interaction and pattern recognition that are the hallmark of emergence in all self-organizing systems, as discussed earlier in this chapter (Johnson, 2001). Jane Jacobs argued that we should trust the self-organizing vitality of cities rather than received ideas of what they should look like (Ball, 2004).</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Since the 1980’s there has been a growing trend to consider the city as a complex system suggesting a radical shift from top-down, centralized management to more decentralized bottom-up growing systems that evolve and change as a result of the accretion of decisions (Akbar, 1988b) and choices, actions and interactions of millions of agents, that generates complex structures that cannot be controlled or managed from the top-down (Batty, 2007a). After more than 25 years of Jacobs (1961) intuitive, cities are no longer regarded as disordered systems. Beneath the apparent chaos and diversity of the physical form lies a hidden order or pattern language as Christopher Alexander calls it (Alexander, 1979). This global order emerges from the multiple decisions taken on an individual level and various processes of interactions.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tension between chaos and order in Complexity Theory is intuitively appropriate for the study of organic cities such as the case of Arab-Islamic cities. These cities are of a dual character. They are seen as chaotic as they are mainly characterized by their irregular geometry. However, when one considers the fact that they emerged, and still re-emerge, governed by a deep underlying structure, they can be considered as symbols of order. It is only recently, from the view of Complexity Theory, that irregularity in geometry is considered as a sign of richness rather than as simply a lack of order (Haghani, 2011).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chaos Theory and the science of complexity, provide efficient instruments for uncovering this underlying structure. Irregularity should be regarded as the result of a set of rules that governed the successive physical events that gave shape to the city, which recurred in layers over time. Therefore, the factor of time that is the age of the city defines the degree of urban complexity and is evident in its morphology through the intensity of events (Ben Hamouche, 2009b).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complexity Theories of Cities (CTC)</span></h4>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The various complexity/self-organization theories and approaches have been suggested since the emergence of this paradigm in the 1960’s. Most theories of complexity that have been applied to cities can be considered as a whole domain of theory and research that is called Complexity Theories of Cities (CTC) (Portugali, 2011). The domain of CTC already includes a rich body of research on fractal cities (Batty & Longely, 1994), self-organization and the city (Portugali, 2000), cities and complexity (Batty, 2007a), cellular automata and agent-based urban simulation models (Benenson & Torrens, 2004), studies on cities as networks, and much more (Portugali, 2011).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">According to Portugali (2011), two major types of CTC can be identified as long-term (or comprehensive) versus short-term complexity theories. Long-term (comprehensive) complexity theories are long-term and ‘comprehensive’ in the sense that they refer to all stages of the evolution of such systems; the bottom-up process of emergence that brings complex systems into a global ordered state and the process of steady state that keeps them is a structurally stable state. Short-term complexity theories concentrate on the process of ‘emergence’, that is, the bottom-up process by which local interaction between the parts gives rise to a global structure (Portugali, 2000).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CTC has achieved two main aims. First, they provided a single intact theoretical basis to a various urban phenomena that were once perceived independent from each other. Second, it suggested a new insight into how cities are understood in reference to properties such as nonlinearity and emergences, as well as the notion of chaos vs. order that do not necessarily contradict one another (Portugali, 2000).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 9.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complexity and the traditional Islamic city</span></span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In Islamic cities the process of incremental growth and development that emerged from small local actions was organized through a set of endogenous rules and behavioral norms. These set of rules stemmed from the symbiosis between Islamic jurisprudence and the specific conditions in each region and city. This interface resulted in establishing a set of unwritten implicit codes that structured this generative process of growth (Hakim, 1994; Hakim, 2007). Ben Hamouche refers to these codes as factors of complexity in the traditional Muslim city. Thus studying those underlying principles helps decompose the complex patterns of the traditional urban fabric in old Muslim cities (Ben Hamouche, 2009b).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS)</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The notion of complexity is often associated with the notion of system. Complex systems approach allows the exploration of the system’s degree of robustness as the system autonomously reacts to all kind of changes (Miller, 2007).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cities are claimed to be complex systems for the chaotic behavior they show and their emerging fractal geometric patterns. In order to examine the credibility of this claim that a city can be observed as a self-organizing complex system, we need to go through the characteristics of Complexity Theory (Haghani, 2011).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CAS are a special case of complex systems. In addition to their complexity as they are made up of diverse interconnected elements, they also have the ability to adapt to change and learn from previous experiences. They are open, nonlinear, self-organizing systems that have the ability to adapt to changing conditions through changing the rules that organize the random autonomous interactions between agents and the environment. This adaptation takes place through gradual gained experience that is reflected in the agent’s behavior. Interacting agents that are described in terms of certain rules generate complex temporal patterns (Holland, 1995). Thus unanticipated, emergent structures play a critical role in the evolution of these systems (Goldstein, 2001). In order to understand how CAS work, these patterns need to be studied. Table 4.1</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">lists the main characteristics of complex systems sorted into four categories.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><h2 dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 18pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ردودية المنظومات المركبة</span></h2>
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<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"يجب ان ينظر للمدن وتعامل لا على انها منظومات ميكانيكية بسيطة ولا على انها منظومات مركبة غير منظمة بل على انها منظومات مركبة منظمة."</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">جاكوبس 1961 ص. 434</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التعقد</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">من الممكن اعتبار التعقد على انه النظام الدقيق الذي له خاصية الارتداد عند الصدمات العشوائية. يغير نموذج التعقد من طريقة تفكيرنا عن طرق اتخاذ القرار سواء الفوقية او ما قد يأتي من الاسفل حيث يكون التركيز في هذا النموذج على البنية والنظام العام الناشئ عن العديد من الافعال البسيطة على المستوى المحلي. فكرة التفاعلات العشوائية على المستوى المحلي تجعل التعقد مرتبطا بالفوضي واللانظام مما يجعل التعقد مجالا بين الخطية الحتمية والفوضى اللاحتمية فيما قد يطلق عليه الفوضى الحتمية كما يوضح الشكل. ان تطورنظرية الفوضى الحتمية معتمد بالاساس على الحوسبة. تبدأ النظرية مستخدمة عملية تكرارية في عرض كيف تتحرك منظومة ما من النظام الي الفوضى بداية من وضع حتمي.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">نشأت النظريات التي تتعامل مع النظام الناتج عن الفوضى في الستينيات متضمنة نظريات التعقد والتنظيم الذاتي. منذ ذلك الوقت اصبحت نظريات الفوضى و الكسورية من النظريات الرائدة عن التعقد. في بعض الاحيان يستخدم لفظتا الفوضى والكسورية سواء بسواء او بشكل تبادلي. على سبيل المثال من الممكن اعتبار البعد الكسوري على انه القياس النسبي للتعقد وبالتالي الفوضى فيما ان الكسوريات تمثل جزء من نظرية الفوضى. من الممكن ايضا اعتبار نظرية الكسورية فرع من نظرية الفوضى حيث انها التجسيد الهندسي للتعقد. تعتمد نظريات الفوضى والكسورية على سلسلة من المفاهيم التي تؤسس بنيتها تحدد منهجياتها واساليبها. من ضمن تلك المفاهيم والتي ترتبط ارتباط مباشر بالبيئة المبنية مفهومي النمو والتشابه الذاتي، العشوائية وعدم القدرة على التنبؤ، الحركة الدائمة واللاخطية، النظام والفوضى.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التنظيم الذاتي</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">نشأ مفهوم التنظيم الذاتي في العلوم الحديثة عام 1947 عن طريق الطبيب النفساني الانجليزي روس اشبي وتم اعتمادها بشكل سريع في العلوم السيبرناطيقية. عام 1960 ارتبط المفهوم بنظرية النظام العام. لم يصبح المفهوم شائعا في الادبيات العلمية حتى تم اعتماده من قبل الفيزيائيين والباحثين في مجال الانظمة المركبة ما بين السبعينيات والثمانينيات. يقترح سيليرز تعريفا للتنظيم الذاتي على انه خاصية من خواص الانظمة المركبة يتيح لها ان تتطور وتتغير البنية الداخلية بشكل تلقائي للتاقلم والتلاعب مع البيئة المحيطة. اللغة هي من الامثلة على الانظمة القادرة على التنظيم الذاتي حيث ان القواني المنظمة للغة لا تملي ما يجب ان يقال ولكنها تحدد بنية وحدود ما يمكن ان يقال كما يقول بيل هيليير في مقابلة مع فيليب بول عام 2004.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التعقد في البيئات المبنية </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">سوف نتعرض فيما هو آت لكيف من الممكن ان ينظر للبيئة المبنية على انها منظومة مركبة. يتتبع هذا الجزء رجوعا الى العلوم الاجتماعية المهتمة بالمدينة ثم يعرض كيف تتطورت نظرية تعقد المدن. في نهاية هذا القسم يتم التركيز على التعقد في البيئات المبنية العربية الاسلامية التقليدية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التعقد في المنظومات الاجتماعية</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">اهتمت العلوم الاجتماعية منذ السبعينيات بما هو فراغ. من منظور العلوم الاجتماعية فان المدن تعتبر منظومات اجتماعية تغير بنيتها تبعا للقرارات المختلفة عبر الزمن اعتمادا على خيارات متنوعة. تنتج تلك القرارات من خلال تفاعلات متبادلة على المستوى المحلي عبر شبكة من العلاقات بين جموع من الفاعلين الذين يكونوا تلك المنظومات الاجتماعية. تعقد تلك التفاعلات يجعل من الصعب التنبؤ بالتغير مما ينتج عنه سلوك غير خطي. تلك الخاصية الاساسية هي المسؤولة عن التعقد في المنظومات الاجتماعية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تطور نموذج التعقد في المدن</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">لقد استجاب علم تخطيط المدن للمشكلات التي تعاني المدن منها من خلال نموجين اساسيين. خلال النصف الاول من القرن العشرين كان ينظر للمدينة على انها ماكينة. السيطرة على المدينة من خلال الخطط الفوقية والحتمية كان اسلوب المخططين الحداثيين لتحسين الظروف المعيشية في المدن الصناعية في القرن التاسع عشر. بدأ النظر للمدينة كمنظومة في النصف الثاني من القرن العشرين. من الممكن ان يصبح علم التعقد اساسا في التحول لنموذج ثالث في تخطيط المدن.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">المدينة كمنظومة</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">لقد حفز ظهور نظرية المنظومات الديناميكية في الستينات مخططين المدن على مراجعة الطرق الاعتيادية في التخطيط العمراني كما هي في مراجع مختلفة. هذا التوجة المنظم حاول استبدال الطرق الجامدة في التخطيط بسياسات تخطيطية اكثر مرونة. نظر للمدينة على انها منظومة تضم العديد من المنظومات الثانوية التي تتفاعل مع بعضها البعض مكونة الكل. تبعا لتلك الرؤية فان عملية تخطيط المدن يجب ان تتضمن تحديد علاقات نظامية، تراتبية بين المكونات البنيوية حيث ان التغير في كل عنصر في المدينة يؤثر على البنية الكلية للمدينة كمنظومة. تستطيع النظم استيعاب نشاطات عدد كبير من البشر مع الاحتفاظ بالمرونة في امتصاص التغير والنمو. لذلك فان تصميم مدينة قد تحول من التنبؤ بمستقبل المدينة الى التنبؤ بمستقبل بنية المدينة.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">احد محددات هذا التوجه هو ان المدن ينظر اليها على انها منظومات في حالة اتزان وان دور المخطط الاساسي هو الحفاظ على تلك الحالة. بالرغم من ان ذلك التوجه هو اكثر واقعية من التوجه الميكانيكي الا انه لازل ينظر اليه من قبل مجموعة من المخططين والمفكرين على انه حتمي الطبيعة. بالنسبة لتلك المجموعة فان هذا التوجه لازال فوقي الطبيعة يحد من امكانية مشاركة ساكن المدينة مما يتعارض مع الحياة الديموقراطية في المدينة. ادى ذلك الجدل في النهاية الى ظهور ما يسمى نظرية التعقد كنموذج في تصميم المدينة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">المدينة كمنظومة مركبة</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"يجب ان ينظر للمدن وتعامل لا على انها منظومات ميكانيكية بسيطة ولا على انها منظومات مركبة غير منظمة بل على انها منظومات مركبة منظمة."</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">جاكوبس 1961 ص. 434</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">جاكوبس هي احد اول المفكرين التي دعت للتعامل مع المدينة على انها مركب منظم من الممكن ان يكون موضع دراسة في العلوم الحية اكثر مما هي ماكينة.لم يتعامل التوجهان الذي سبق التعرض لهما لفكرتي الشك والتعقد في المدينة. لقد اثبت توجه التعقد المنظم انه طريقة بناءة للتفكير في المنظومات العمرانية كاشفا عن امكانياتها باستعمال ادوات مثل التغذية المرجعية، تفاعل الجيران و التعرف على الانساق والذي يعتبر سمة مميزة للمظومات ذاتية التنظيم والتي تعرضنا لها سابقا بالشرح والتوضيح. لقد دعت جان جاكوبس الى اننا يجب ان نثق بالحيوية ذاتية التنظيم للمدينة اكثر من الافكار المسبقة عن كيف يجب ان تبدو.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">منذ الثمانينات اصبح هناك توجه متنامي للاعتبار المدينة كمنظومة مركبة مما يوحي بتحول جذري من الادارة الفوقية المركزية الى منظومات غير مركزية تنمو من اسفل الى اعلى لها القدرة على التطور والتغير نتيجة لتلاحم قرارات، خيارات، افعال وتفاعلات الملايين من الفاعلين مما يولد بنى مركبة لا يمكن ادارتها والتحكم بها بشكل فوقي. بعد مرور اكثر من 25 عام على حدس جاكوبس لا يمكن النظر للمدن على انها منظومات غير منظمة فتحت الفوضى الظاهرة والتنوع في الاشكال المبنية يوجد نظام خفي او لغة من الانساق كا يصفها كريستوفر الاكساندر. هذا النظام العام ينشأ من العديد من القرارات التي تتخذ على المستوى الفردي وعملية التفاعلات المختلفة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تعتبر المساحة الموجودة بين النظام والفوضى في نظرية التعقد مناسبة لدراسة المدن العضوية مثل المدن العربية الاسلامية. تلك المدن كانت ذات شخصية مزدوجة. من الممكن النظر اليها على انها فوضوية لما يميزها من هندسة غير منتظمة. ولكن من الممكن اعتبارها رموز للتنظيم عندما نضع في اعتبارنا حقيقة انها نشأت ولاتزال تحت توجيه بنية تحتية عميقة. مؤخرا من خلال منظور نظرية التعقد امكن اعتبار عدم انتظام الخطوط الهندسية في المدن على انها علامة على الغنى وليس فقدان النظام.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ان نظرية الفوضى وعلم التعقد يوفران الآليات الكفؤة للكشف عن تلك البنى التحتية. فمن الممكن النظر لعدم الانتظام على انه نتاج مجموعة من القواعد التي نظمت تتابع الاحداث المادية التي شكلت المدينة بشكل متكرر في طبقات عبر الزمن. لذلك فان عامل الزمن والذي يمثل عمر المدينة يحدد درجة التعقد العمراني كا يدل على عملية التشكل عبر شدة تلك الاحداث.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">نظريات التعقد في المدن</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ظهرت اغلب النظريات المتعلقة بالتعقد والتنظيم الذاتي بداية من ظهورهذا النموذج في الستينات. من الممكن اعتبار غالبية نظريات التعقد التي طبقت على المدن كمجال عام من البحث والتنظير يطلق عليه نظريات التعقد في المدن. يتضمن هذا المجال مجموعة غنية من الابحاث منها ما كتبه باتي ولونجلي عن المدن الكسورية، وبحث بورتوجالي عن التنظيم الذاتي والمدينة، وكتابات باتي عن التعقد والمدينة، والابحاث التي قام بها بينينسون وتورنس عن نماذج المحاكاة العمرانية باستخدام الآليات الخليوية أو تلك المعتمدة على الوكلاء ودراسة المدن كشبكات وغيرها الكثير.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يرى بورتوجالي انه من الممكن تقسيم هذا المجال النظري الي قسمين احدهما طويل الاجل والاخر قصير الاجل. نظريات التعقد طويلة الاجل تعني كل مراحل تطور مثل تلك المنظومات وعمليات النشوء من اسفل لاعلى والتي تجعل حالة من النظام العام للمنظومات المركبة وتلك العمليات التي تجعل تلك البنى مستقرة. اما النظريات قصيرة الامد فتركز على عملية النشوء من اسفل الى اعلى عن طريق التفاعلات المحلية بين الاجزاء مما ينتج عنه البنية الكلية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">لقد حققت نظريات التعقد في المدن هدفان اساسيان. اولهما توفير قاعدة نظرية متماسكة لتفسير مختلف الظواهر العمرانية والتي كان ينظر اليها بشكل متفرق. اما الثاني فهو طرح رؤى جديدة عن كيفية فهم المدن ونشأتها بشكل غير خطي بالاضافة الى التوفيق بين مفاهيم قد لا تكون متناقضة مثل الفوضى والنظام.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التعقد والمدينة العربية الاسلامية التقليدية</span></div>
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<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">نظمت عميلة النمو التراكمي التي نشأت وتطورت في المدينة الاسلامية من خلال الافعال المحلية الصغيرة عن طريق مجموعة من القواعد الضمنية والعادات السلوكية. تلك المجموعة من القواعد انبثقت عن التفاعل بين التشريع الاسلامي والظروف الخاصة بكل مدينة او منطقة. نتج عن ذلك الترابط في ترسيخ مجموعة من القواعد الضمنية غير المكتوبة شكلت البنية العملية التوليدية لنمو المدينة. بن حموش يرى ان تلك القواعد هي عامل رئيسي في تعقد المدينة الاسلامية التقليدية. لذلك فان دراسة تلك المبادئ الكامنة يساعدنا في تفكيك الانساق المركبة في النسيج العمراني التقليدي في المدن الاسلامية القديمة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 22.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">المنظومات المركبة القادرة على التكيف</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">مفهوم التعقد غالبا ما يكون مرتبط بفكرة المنظومات. المنظومات المركبة يسمح باستكشاف مدى متانة المنظومة حيث تتفاعل باستقلالية مع التغيرات المختلفة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">من الممكن اعتبار المدن على انها منظومات مركبة نظرا للسلوك العشوائي التي تظهره من خلال الانساق الهندسية الكسورية. نحتاج الى ان نفهم خصائص نظرية التعقد حتى يتسنى اختبار مصداقية الادعاء انه من الممكن دراسة المدينة على انها منظومة مركبة ذاتية التنظيم.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">المنظومات المركبة القادرة على التكيف هي حالة خاصة من الانظمة المركبة. فبالاضافة الى تعقدها حيث تتكون من عناصر متنوعة مترابطة فهي تتمتع بالقدرة على التكيف مع التغير والتعلم من الخبرات السابقة. هي منظومات منفتحة، غير خطية، ذاتية التنظيم لها القدرة على التكيف مع الظروف المتغيرة من خلال تغيير القواعد التي تنظم التفاعلات المستقلة العشوائية بين الاطراف المختلفة والبيئة التي تجمعهم. يحدث هذا التكيف بشكل تدريجي من خلال الخبرة المكتسبة والتي تنعكس على سلوك الفاعلين. الاطراف الفاعلة والمتفاعلة المعرفة عن طريق قواعد معينة تولد مجموعة من الانساق المركبة. لذا فان البنى الناشئة المترقبة تلعب دور حرج في تتطور تلك المنظومات. نحتاج ان ندرس تلك النساق من اجل ان نفهم كيف تعمل المنظومات المركبة القادرة على التكيف. الجدول ادناه يعرض مجموعة من الخصائص الرئيسية للمنظومات المركبة مقسمة على اربعة مجموعات</span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="129"></col><col width="220"></col><col width="242"></col></colgroup><tbody>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Category</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complex systems</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complex Adaptive Systems</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rules</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">القواعد</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Deterministic Chaos الفوضى الحتمية</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 2px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Self-organization التنظيم الذاتي</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Self-organization</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 2px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Emergence النشوء</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Emergence</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 2px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Limited predictability القدرة المحدودة على التنبوء</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nonlinearity اللاخطية</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 2px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 2px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Adaptability التكيف</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Information</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 2px; border-right: solid #000000 2px; border-top: solid #000000 2px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Feedback التغذية المرجعية</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Flows التدفق</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Interconnectedness الترابط</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom: solid #000000 2px; border-left: solid #000000 1px; border-right: solid #000000 2px; border-top: solid #000000 1px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sensitivity to initial condition الحساسية للحالة الأولية</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 0px;"><td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid #000000 2px; border-left: solid #000000 2px; border-right: solid #000000 2px; border-top: solid #000000 2px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Identity</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Variety التنوع</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Diversity الاختلاف</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Irreducibility عدم قابلية الاختزال</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Scale</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom: solid #000000 1px; border-left: solid #000000 2px; border-right: solid #000000 2px; border-top: solid #000000 2px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hierarchy and levels of scale</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التراتب والمستويات المختلفة</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Aggregation التجمع</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #f2f2f2; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Self-similarity التشابه الذاتي</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8488975659561420841" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Table</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4.1 Characteristics of Complex systems and CAS according to (Haghani, 2011) and (Holland, 1995).</span></span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="284"></col><col width="47"></col><col width="293"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 14pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CAS and rules</span></h3>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complex systems exhibit what can be called deterministic chaos (duality of determinism and randomness). This is when random behaviors are generated without violating the overall rules of the whole system. These rules determine the system’s general character, behavior, the way agents interact (Haghani, 2011). The behavior of agents in nonlinear complex system exhibits both deterministic and random natures. Haghani uses a term that is based on Jon Cooper’s work</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[1]</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, to describe this dual nature as "complexity through rules". Out of these local rules complicated and unexpected patterns emerge. Emergence within complex systems occurs with no pre-design in a bottom-up manner (Waldrop, 1992). In other words, macroscopic behavior emerges from microscopic interactions (Cilliers, 1998). Emergence is when a higher level pattern arises out of parallel complex interaction between local agents.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Steven Johnson mentions four core principles of emergence: neighbor interaction, pattern recognition, feedback, indirect control (Johnson, 2001). Therefore emergent systems are rule-governed systems. Their capacity for learning and growth and experimentation derives from their adherence to local-level rules (Johnson, 2001). Understanding emergence has always been about giving up control letting systems govern themselves as much as possible and letting a system learn from experience (Johnson, 2001). Hillier supports this argument, as he sees that good urban planning involves relinquishing some control (Ball, 2004).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Due to the quality of emergence in complex systems, there is always limited predictability and uncertainty about the outcomes of the process of change that originates from the bottom-up (Batty, 2007b). Nonlinear interactions between complex system components almost make the behavior of these aggregates more complicated to be forecasted by summing or averaging. Therefore complex systems are irreducibility; they cannot be reconstructed by simply adding its elements together. This is known in the general systems theory as ‘wholeness’ (Haghani, 2011).</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Self-organization is the process when the new emergent structures, patterns arise in a complex system without external imposition and with no prior design. It is a dispersed feature across a system, for it is not controlled centrally through a command-control manner. This means that a complex system is not predetermined by the property of an individual component, but is the result of patterns of interactions between elements and themselves and the surrounding environment (Goldstein, 2001; Haghani, 2011). Self-organizing complex systems possess the ability to adapt to new situations and changing conditions within and around their environments. This adaptation capability is the result of evolutionary processes (Haghani, 2011). According to the Darwinian evolutionary theory, adaptation is the progressive process of a living organism to become ‘fit’ to a continuously changing environment. Adaptation by adjusting the rules of interaction among the agents of a system is fundamental characteristic of complex systems. The adjustment of these rules comes from the accumulation of experiences (Goldstein, 2001).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CAS and information</span></h3>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When information flow to a system or a subsystem from outside its boundaries this process is called ‘feedback’. The feedback process can explain the sequential change in a system where the behavior of the element influences the way other elements act through a series of relationships (Haghani, 2011). As mentioned previously in section 2.2.1, in the characteristics of resilient systems, there are two kind of feedback: positive and negative.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">An example of flows can be the flow of goods or capital into cities. Holland (1995) suggests that the coherence of the city is imposed on a flux of people and structures. Flow can be over a network of nodes and connectors (a kind of graph), where nodes are agents and connectors are possible interactions. Flows vary through time (Holland, 1995).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complex systems exhibit great sensitivity to their initial conditions. Their nonlinear nature amplifies slight changes in the initial conditions. Infinitely small changes in the starting condition of a complex nonlinear system will result in dramatically different output of the system. This feature makes their behavior difficult to be forecasted (Goldstein, 2001; Haghani, 2011). Hence complex systems are characterized by the highly interconnectedness of its components at a local level and to its environment at a global level (Haghani, 2011).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CAS and identity</span></h3>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complex systems consist of a variety of interacting agents or subsystems. As the number of these agents increases, their behavior becomes more unpredictable. An example for this can be the economic system of a city where people dynamically interact by lending, borrowing, investing and exchanging money and goods (Haghani, 2011).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Holland argues that the diversity that exists in CAS is neither accidental nor random (Holland, 1995). He explains that it is a quality that arises from the potential interactions between agents. Diversity in CAS is a dynamic pattern; a pattern of interactions that is when get disturbed at any moment of time, has the ability to re-organize itself. This ability is what makes diversity a main characteristic of resilient systems. Diversity in CAS is the result of progressive adaptations. Each new adaptation opens the possibility for new interactions.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CAS and Scale</span></h3>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complex system self-organize through creating ordered hierarchy on interconnections across different levels of scale (Haghani, 2011); where self-similarity is the symmetry across scales. It implies recursion (Gleick, 1987). Elements that form these self-similar patterns are interconnected in a nonlinear fashion (Haghani, 2011). In CAS, Holland calls this ‘aggregation’; this quality concerns the emergence of complex large scale behaviors from aggregate interactions of less complex agents on smaller scale (Holland, 1995).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">الانظمة المركبة القادرة على التكيف ومفهوم القواعد</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تظهر الانظمة المركبة سلوكا من الممكن ان نطلق عليه الفوضى الحتمية وهي حالة ازدواجية تجمع ما بين الحتمية والعشوائية تحدث عندما تتولد سلوكات عشوائية بدون الاخلال بالقواعد العامة للمنظومة. تلك القواعد التي تحدد الشخصية والسلوك العام للمنظومة وطريقة تفاعل العناصر مع بعضها البعض. سلوك تلك العناصر هو سلوك مركب غير خطي يجمع ما بين الطبيعة الحتمية والعشوائية. يستعمل هاجاني لفظة التعقد من خلال القواعد استنادا على ابحاث جون كوبر ليصف تلك الطبيعة المزدوجة. ينشأ من خلال تلك القواعد انساق معقدة وغير متوقعة. يحدث النشوء في المنظومات المركبة بدون سابق تصميم من اسفل لاعلى. بعبارة أخرى فان السلوك العام ينشأ من تفاعلات الفردية. النشوء هو عندما ينتج نسق على مستوى اعلى من تفاعلات مركبة متوازية بين عناصر محلية. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يذكر ستيفن جونسون اربعة مبادئ اساسية للنشوء: التفاعل بالجوار، التعرف على الانساق، التغذية الاسترجاعية، والتحكم غير المباشر. لذلك فان المنظومات الناشئة هي في الاساس منظومات محكومة بقواعد تستمد قدرتها على التعلم والنمو والتجريب من خلال التزامها بالقواعد على المستوى المحلي. يعتمد فهم النشوء على ترك المنظومات لتحكم نفسها بقدر المستطاع والاستفادة من الخبرة المكتسبة. يدعم هيليير تلك الفرضية حيث يرى ان التخطيط العمراني الجيد يجب ان يتضمن التخلي عن بعض السيطرة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">نظراً لطبيعة النشوء في المنظومات المركبة فانه من الصعب التنبؤ بمخرجات عملية التغير والتي تنشأ من المستويات السفلى في المنظومة الي أعلى. التفاعلات غير الخطية بين مكونات المنظومات المركبة تجعل من سلوك تلك التراكيب اكثر تعقدا من ان يتنبأ به عن طريق الجمع او المتوسطات ببساطة. لذلك فان المنظومات المركبة غير قابلة للاختزال بمعنى انها لايمكن ان يعاد تكونها بان تضاف مكوناتها الى بعضها البعض ببساطة. تعرف تلك الخاصية في نظرية النظم العامة بالكلية. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التنظيم الذاتي هو العملية حيث تنشأ المنظومات وتتكون انساقها بدون تدخل خارجي ولا تصميم مسبق. وبالتالي فهي خاصية متفرقة عبر المنظومة لا يمكن التحكم بها بشكل مركزي من خلال نموذج ما يشبة مركز العمليات. من ذلك نفهم ان الانظمة المركبة لا تكون سابقة التحديد بناء على خاصية عنصر فردي ولكن هي نتيجة انساق التفاعل بين العناصر وبعضها وبينها وبين البيئة المحيطة. تمتلك المنظومات المركبة ذاتية التنظيم القدرة على التكيف مع المواقف الجديدة والظروف المتغيرة داخلها وفي البيئة المحيطة بها. ينتج هذا التكيف من خلال عملية تطورية. بالنسبة لداروين ونظريته للتطور فان التكيف هو عملية تصاعدية للكائن الحي حتى يصبح لائقا في بيئة دائمة التغير. يعتبر التكيف عن طريق تعديل قواعد التفاعل بين العناصر المكونة للمنظومة خاصية اساسية للمنظومات المركبة حيث ان تعديل تلك القواعد ياتي من خلال تراكم الخبرات.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">المنظومات المركبة القادرة على التكيف والمعلومات</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يطلق على العملية عندما تتدفق المعلومات الى داخل منظومة ما من خارج حدودها التغذية الاسترجاعية. قد تكون تلك العملية قادرة على تفسير التغير المتتابع في منظومة حيث يؤثر سلوك عناصر على عناصر أخرى في سلسلة من العلاقات. تعد التغذية الاسترجاعية سواء السالبة او الموجبة من خصائص المنظومات الردودية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تدفق السلع ورأس المال هي مثال على تدفق المعلومات. يرى هولاند ان تماسك المدينة هو نتاج تدفق البشر والبنى. قد يكون التدفق عبر شبكات من العقد والموصلات كأنه رسم بياني حيث ان العقد هي العناصر والموصلات هي التفاعلات ما بينها. تختلف التدفقات باختلاف الزمن.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تظهر المنظومات المركبة حساسية كبيرة للحالة البتدائية حيث ان طبيعتها غير الخطية تضخم اي تغير بسيط في الحالة الاولية. ممن الممكن ان تسبب مجموعة لانهائية من التغيرات الصغيرة في الحالة الاولية لمنظومة مركبة غير خطية تغيرات جذرية في مخرج تلك المنظومة. تلك الخاصية تجعل من الصعب التنبؤ بسلوك المنظومة لذا فان المنظومات المركبة تتميز بدرجة عالية من الترابط بين مكوناتها على المستوى السفلي/ المحلي وايضا ببيئتها على المستوى الاعلى.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">المنظومات المركبة القادرة على التكيف والهوية</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تتكون الانظمة المركبة من تشكيلة من العناصر المتفاعلة. كلما زاد عدد تلك العناصر كلما اصبح من الصعب التنبء بسلوكها. مثال على ذلك المنظومة الاقتصادية لمدينة حيث يتفاعل الناس بشكل دائم في صورة اقراض واقتراض واستثمار وتبادل للسلع والاموال.</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يرى هولاند ان التنوع الذي يوجد في الانظمة المركبة القادرة على التكيف ليس بمحض الصدفة او عشوائي. فهو يبين ان تلك الخاصية تظهر من التفاعلات المختملة بين العناصر المختلفة, التنوع في الانظمة المركبة القادرة على التكيف هو نسق ديناميكي، نسق من التفاعلات عندما يضطرب في اي وقت له القدرة على اعادة تنظيم نفسه. تلك المقدرة هي التي تجعل التنوع من اهم خواص الانظمة الردودية. التنوع في الانظمة المركبة القادرة على التكيف هو نتاج عمليات متصاعدة من التأقلم حيث تسمح كل عملية بالمزيد التفاعلات المحتملة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">المنظومات المركبة القادرة على التكيف والمستويات</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">الانظمة المركبة القادرة على التكيف تنظم نفسها من خلال خلق تسلسل هرمي منتظم يعتمد على الترابطات ما بين المستويات المختلفة حيث يكون التشابه الذاتي هو التشابه عبر المستويات مما يوحي بالتكرارية. العناصر التي تكون تلك الانساق ذاتية التشابه ترتبط بعضها البعض بطريقة غير خطية. هولاند يسمي ذلك بالتجمع في الانظمة المركبة القادرة على التكيف. تلك الخاصية تعنى بنشوء سلوكيات مركبة على مستويات عليا من تجمع التفاعلات اقل تعقدا ما بين عناصرعلى مستويات اقل.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 13.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">[1]</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Jon Cooper PhD thesis is entitled ‘</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Potential of Chaos and Fractal Analysis in Urban design’</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and his current research interest focuses on the development of fractal based townscape evaluation techniques (Oxford Brooks University, 2013). </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 34.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">THE COMPUTATIONAL RULES GRAPH (CRG)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="281"></col><col width="53"></col><col width="290"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">By linking many concepts, drawing attention to mechanisms and so on, this approach provides a conceptual framework for the topic and promises to lead to the development of theory</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">”</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Rapoport, 1989, p. 97)</span></span></div>
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<h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 20pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 26.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Introduction</span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this chapter an attempt is made to establish a relationship between the systems discussed in the preceding chapters. The relations are mapped in the form of a graph that will be referred to as Computational Rules Graph (CRG). These relations are verified and supported using three interrelated bodies of literature (Complexity Theory, Resilient Systems and environment behavior studies).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The works of Amos Rapport (1969), Susan Kent (1993) and Roderick Lawrence (1990) related the studies of ethnography and anthropology to the pre-industrial ‘primitive’ built environments, especially the dwellings. Jamel Akbar (1988a) and Besim Hakim (2008) tried to show how socio-cultural aspect, especially religion affected the social interactions and consequently the built environments within the context of Traditional Arab-Islamic built environment. The research of Vernez Moudon on Alamo Square in San Francisco (Moudon, 1986) is one of the few studies that mapped the relation between socio-cultural rules and the resilience of the space across time through many decades and across scale from the room to the neighborhood. The works of N.J. Habraken (2000) and J. Turner (1977) were amongst the most significant studies to tackle the issue of socio-cultural rules, using the exact terminology, in housing and relate to the issue of responsibility and control. This area of research relates just two bodies of literature: environment and behavior studies and Resilience Theory.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The computational aspect the work of Hillier and Hanson and their team (Hillier & Hanson, 1984) and (Hanson, Hillier, Rosenberg, & Graham, 1998) is considered the base for dealing with the social aspect based on the work of Kent (1993) and other anthropology and ethnographic research of the built environment. Hillier’s work (Space Syntax) is mainly analytical, descriptive. Using the results of these analytical methods, some generative work has been done such as the research conducted by Adam Doulgerakis (2007) incorporating genetic programming tools. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Another significant research is the work of Carl Bovil (1996) on fractals at the architectural scale, especially the vernacular and traditional environments and the work of Michael Batty (Batty & Longely, 1994) at the city scale. These aforementioned studies in a way or another have related Complexity Theory to the environment and behavior studies. This relation has been further studied theoretically in the works of M. Ben Hamouche (2009a; 2009b), and applied in the work of Paul Coates (Coates & Thum, 1995) that was demonstrated in section 4.4.3 under the title ‘Islamic City Algorithm’.</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"من الممكن تقديم اطار مفاهيمي لموضوع ما عن طريق ربط اكثر من مفهوم وجذب الانتباه للآليات مما قد يؤدي للتطور نظرية ما"</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">رابوبورت 1989 ص.97</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 26.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">مقدمة</span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">في الهذا الفصل نحاول تأسيس علاقة بين المنظومات التي ناقشناها سابقا. سوف يتم رسم تلك العلاقات في صورة رسم بياني سوف نطلق عليه الرسم البياني للقواعد القابلة للحوسبة (CRG). سوف يتم التحقق من تلك العلاقات ودعمها استنادا على ثلاثة مجموعات من الادبيات: نظرية التعقد، نظرية الردودية، ودراسات السلوك والبيئة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">انشغل آموس رابوبورت، سوزان كنت، ورودريك لورانس على المجتمعات البدائية ما قبل الحداثة خاصة المسكن بشكل اقرب الى مجالات الايثنوجرافيا والانثروبولوجي. أما جميل اكبر وباسم حكيم فقد حاولا اظهارمدى تاثير العوامل الاجتماعية الثقافية، وبالاخص الدين، على التفاعلات الاجتماعيىة اليومية وبالتالي البيئة المبنية في محيط البيئة المبنية العربية الاسلامية. يعتبر بحث فيرنيه مودون عن حي الامو بسان فرانسيسكوا من الاعمال القليلة التي درست العلاقة بين العوامل الاجتماعية الثقافية ومدى مرونة الفراغ العمراني عبر عقود عديدة بل وعبر مستويات متعددة، من الغرفة وصولا الى الحي. أما هابراكن وتيرنر فتعتبر ابحاثهم من الابحاث الهامة عن "القواعد" الاجتماعية الثقافية في مجال الاسكان ومفهوم التحكم والمسؤولية. كل تلك الابحاث تمكنت بشكل عام من الربط ما بين دراسات البيئة والسلوك ودراسات الردودية.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يعتبر الجانب الحوسبي في ابحاث كل من هيلير وهانسون قاعدة هامة في التعامل مع الجانب الاجتماعي من ابحاث كنت وابحاث اخرى ذات طابع انثروبولوجي واثنوجرافي عن البيئة المبنية. أبحاث هيلير هي في المقام الاول وصفية وتحليلية اكثر مما هي نقدية. اعتمادا على نتائج تلك الدراسات امكن التوصل لبعض النتائج التوليدية مثل التي اجراها آدم دولجراكيس والتي اضافت بعض جوانب البرمجة الجينية. تلك الاضافة قد تمكن من تطبيق والتجريب على ما يمكن ان يطلق عليه القواعد التوليدية التطلعية والتي سبف التنظير لها في اعمال كل من حكيم واكبر ومودون.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">من الابحاث الهامة ايضا المتعلقة بالجانب الحوسبي التي اجراها كارل بوفيل على الكسوريات (Fractals) في العمارة وبالاخص البدائية وابحاث مايكل باتي على مستوى المدينة. تلك الدراسات السابق ذكرها تمكنت من ربط دراسات البيئة والسلوك مع مجال دراسات التعقد. بن حموش تعمق اكثر في دراسة تلك الرابطة بشكل نظري وعمل عليها بول كوتس بشكل تطبيقي فيما عرف بلوغريتمات المدينة الاسلامية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 26.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="330" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/X_za9vOE_FVdgDcqCU0HlbdmI6zU98KqCl_ioo56O0empK1K2IZD7K_U4H_ssOS8KshURmY9PGZxM7Y5DsMb7mF8v9NRsDeZqr1SyVvpTDoiCt3bg0yisjhLDAlM4rZxPKZvYVd7" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="622" /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Figure (1.5) Basic structure of the study</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="286"></col><col width="50"></col><col width="288"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This study will try to establish a number of interrelations between different fields of literature (Resilient Systems, Complexity Theory and environment behavior studies) to identify patterns that may reveal a theoretical framework. As illustrated in Figure 1.5, the built environment in this chapter will be studied from three different perspectives based on the following systems:</span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Resilient systems</span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traditional rules system</span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complex systems</span></div>
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</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the previous three chapters, an attempt was made to relate the three systems mentioned above to the built environment. In this chapter, further interrelations between these systems will be explored:</span></span></div>
<ol style="margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Based on chapters two and three, a number of relations that are shared between the principles of the traditional rule system and attributes of resilient systems are highlighted. </span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Based on chapters two and four, a number of relations are drawn between the attributes of resilient systems and complex systems.</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Based on chapters three and four, a number of relations are established between principles of the traditional rules system and the attributes of complex systems.</span></div>
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</ol>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">سوف تحاول تلك الدراسة التأسيس لعدد من العلاقات المتبادلة بين مجموعات مختلف من الادبيات ( نظرية التعقد، نظرية الردودية، ودراسات السلوك والبيئة) للتعرف على الانساق التي قد تكشف عن اطار نظري. كما هو موضح بالشكل فان البيئة المبنية سوف يتم النظر اليها دراستها من خلال ثلاثة وجهات نظر مختلفة: المنظومات الردودية، نظام القواعد التقليدية، والمنظومات المركبة.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">فيما سبق حاولنا الربط بين المنظومات المذكورة والبيئة المبنية كل على حدة. فيما يلي سوف نحاول استكشاف علاقات متبادلة اخرى اعتمادا على ما سبق من علاقات:</span></div>
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<li dir="rtl" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">العلاقة بين مبادئ منظومة القواعد التقليدية وخصائص المنظومات الردودية.</span></div>
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<li dir="rtl" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">عدد من العلاقات التي تم رسمها بين خصائص المنظومات الردودية والمنظومات المركبة.</span></div>
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<li dir="rtl" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.6667px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: decimal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">عدد من العلاقات التي تم رسمها بين مبادئ منظومة القواعد التقليدية وخصائص المنظومات المركبة.</span></div>
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</ol>
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</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="446" src="https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/_o9cYaZ2H1vXcg2vTCAv0iSsI605yc6D4M-qiNkIFsMTBWU0iRrEqza9AwytcJClNCK1XMqPbopMj_z8yf8_wfTcA7iTB2KqH1diWDhbPcBmmLA2LFO4kNISqEB-zHrGwlf0fQDo" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="624" /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Figure (5.1) Cluster of nodes containing the attributes of systems discussed in the previous chapters</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="284"></col><col width="53"></col><col width="287"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">By establishing this framework, the study aims to show that the resilience of the traditional socio-cultural rules systems that regulate and organized the building activities in the traditional built environment was a factor in the resilience of these environments. This resilience is claimed to be due to the self-organization capacity and emergent nature that this rules system generates. This will be illustrated using a graph that maps the relations between the attributes of these fields. This graph will be dubbed as Computational Rules Graph (CRG) (Fig. 5.11).</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تحاول الدراسة بتأسيس ذلك الاطار ان تبين ان ردودية منظومة القواعد الاجتماعية الثقافية التقليدية التي كانت تنظم نشاطات البناء في البيئة المبنية التقليدية كانت من عوامل ردودية تلك البيئة. تدعي الدراسة ان تلك الردودية نتاج القدرة على التنظيم الذاتي والطبيعة النشوئية التي تولدها تلك المنظومة من القواعد. سوف يتم بيان ذلك باستخدام رسم بياني يتتبع العلاقات بين خواص تلك المنظومات الثلاثة. سوف نطلق على هذا الرسم الرسم البياني للقواعد القابلة للحوسبة (CRG).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 26.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img alt="CRG.png" height="397" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/Dt4gLWp5PXmjerXXq8EMpfbJpQRAZKN_MrVH5XE_NqN-XqkC01RrQvO3S5C7uitEkGpGrfAa3ch59NT_I18TCmxI-cyWy9aDg0dxNhso7QfX5lWSpbz8PqqraIuXRtl5gwUK8AhT" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="624" /></span></h1>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Figure (5.12) The Computational Rules Graph (CRG), a superimposition of the previously discussed sub-graphs (Fig. 5.2-5.11).</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="289"></col><col width="49"></col><col width="286"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 188px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 20pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 26.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Computational Rules Graph (CRG)</span></h1>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the following a number of subgraphs will be reviewed. These subgraphs are superimposed to form the Computational Rules Graph (CRG) which will be revealed toward the end of this chapter. These subgraphs can be regarded as an elaboration on the relations presented in the graph/diagram shown in Figure 1.5. When overlaid, these subgraphs are supposed to show that the socio-cultural rules system based on Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) had a self-organizing impact on activities in the traditional built environment (Hakim, 2008) hence this rules system was a major factor in the resilience of these built environments.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The CRG (a superimposition of the following subgraphs) will demonstrate, through the verification of the wired connections mapped in the CRG, that since the principles of traditional rules systems and the attributes of resilient systems share a lot of connections with the attributes of complex systems, therefore traditional rules system are resilient in nature and are a factor of complexity and resilience in the built environment.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In Figure 5.1 attributes of each system are represented as cluster of nodes. Each cluster represented is based on a different body of literature. These nodes are wired together to form a set of subgraphs. Each single wire in each subgraph shows a specific concept in one cluster (that represents a body of literature) in relation to a concept in another cluster. Each bundle of wires that are shown in the subgraphs or the CRG corresponds and represents one of the relations illustrated in Figure 1.5. Each subgraph is based on an anchor node that may belong to any of the four clusters, and then the wires unfold connecting other nodes, whether from the same cluster or another, in a non-sequential order.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Relations represented in each subgraph are verified and supported by examples that relate attributes of the built environment to the attributes of each system. The objective here is to demonstrate the approach rather than reach solid conclusions. It is important to keep in mind while reviewing the sub-graphs that they do not necessarily form a closed loop. This mainly because of the complex nature of the attributes represented in the graph as some subgraphs is connected to others. The graph was separated into these subgraphs demonstrated in this chapter for the sake of making it easier to follow the relations. </span></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 26.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">الرسم البياني للقواعد القابلة للحوسبة</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">فيما يلي سوف نتعرض لمجموعة من الرسومات البيانية الثانوية والتي تتطابق فوق بعضها البعض تكون الCRG. تلك الرسوم البيانية هي بمثابة توضيح للعلاقات المرسومة في شكل رقم 1.5. تطابق تلك الرسوم قد توضح كيف كان لمنظومة القواعد الاجتماعية الثقافية المبنية على فقه الشريعة الاسلامية التاثير على التنظيم الذاتي للنشاطات في البيئة المبنية التقليدية وبالتالي فقد ساهمت تلك المنظومة من القواعد في تحسين ردودية تلك البيئة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">سوف يظهر الرسم البياني المجمع من خلال التحقق من العلاقات المرسومة انه طالما كانت المبادئ المكونة لمنظومة القواعد التقليدية ترتبط عن طريق العديد من العلاقات بخصائص المنظومات الردودية والمركبة فمن الممكن ان نفترض ان منظومة القواعد التقليدية كانت ردودية في ذاتها بالضافة الى كونها عاملا في تعقد وردودية لبيئة المبنية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">في الشكل 1.5 تم تمثيل خصائص كل منظومة في صورة مجموعة من العقد حيث تمثل كل مجموعة فئة من الادبيات. ترتبط تلك العقد ببعضها البعض مكونة رسم بياني جزئي حيث يمثل كل خط رابط علاقة ما بين خاصية وأخرى مرتكزة على تحليل وفهم الادبيات. تكافئ كل مجموعة من الاسلاك والخطوط الرابطة العلاقة المرسومة بين كل منظومة وأخرى. كل رسم بياني جزئي له نقطة ارتكاز قد تنتمي لاي مجموعة من الخصائص ومنها تتكشف الخطوط التي تربطها بالعقد الاخرى في شكل غير تتابعي.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">العلاقات الممثلة في كل رسم بياني جزئي مدعمة بأمثلة تربطها بالبيئة المبنية. الهدف هنا بيان التوجه أكثر مما هو الوصول لنتائج ملموسة. من المهم ان نضع في اعتبارنا عند مراجعة تلك الرسوم انها لا تكون دائرة مغلقة بالضرورة ويرجع ذلك الى الطبيعة المركبة للخصائص الممثلة في الرسم حيث قد ترتبط بعض الرسوم اليانية الجزئية ببعض. تم تجزئة الرسم البياني المجمع والتي سوف يتم التعرض لها بالتفصيل فيما يلي بغرض تيسير تتبع وفهم العلاقات.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Red Subgraph</span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img alt="red.png" height="441" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/NrJ1bFuIFoEfjmjsIgxaO3dTuWYY-DSoTgSACQ4NJCkBJv3fc-Pn1HaTwNNVKC1hmT8DqkBFsH6W7NvVWcQ90t0NAv0ZaCR9p1AqLGEMsMbo1pLPBay66g9RoVqUe5S-oPl_ZVR9" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="624" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="286"></col><col width="48"></col><col width="290"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The following graph (Fig. 5.2) has ‘urf عرف as its anchor node in the traditional rules system cluster. ‘Urf was discussed in section 3.3.1 as a significant part of the traditional rules system. ‘Urf’ node is related to the quality of ‘diversity’ in the complex adaptive systems, which in turn is related to ‘adaptation’ quality of complex systems. Both qualities of adaptation and diversity are related to the ‘dynamic interaction’ featured in the built environment cluster. In addition to the dynamic interaction, ‘interface pattern’ node is also connected to the ‘urf’ node in the traditional rules system cluster. ‘Urf is also related to the quality of ‘diversity’ in resilient systems. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complex systems consist of a ‘variety’ of subsystems or a large number of interacting elements. Holland argues that this ‘diversity’ exhibited in CAS is neither accidental nor random. According to him, diversity in CAS is a pattern of ‘dynamic interactions’ between agents (Holland, 1995). This pattern, when disturbed at any moment of time, has the ability to self-organize (Holland, 1995). A diverse structure can enhance the adaptability of a system, increasing it resilience (Haghani, 2011). This explains why diversity is an attribute of resilient systems as previously discussed in section 2.2 ‘adaptation’ in CAS is of a progressive nature as each new adaptation opens the possibility for new interactions (Holland, 1995).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As briefly noted in section 4.4.4, the traditional built environment can be regarded as a complex adaptive system that included a variety of interactions among agents on a local level. The acknowledgement of ‘urf عرف, as discussed in 3.3.1, was the main source of this diversity in the traditional built environment. This interface between the broad unified nature of Šarīʿah and the diversity of local customs across regions, demonstrates the resilient nature of the rules system.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This graph showed that ‘urf, which is an integral component of the traditional rules system, is a common factor between the complexity of the built environment evident in its diversity thus it is a source of its resilience.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">هذا الرسم البياني يرتكز على العرف ضمن مجموعة المبادئ المكونة لمنظومة القواعد التقليدية. العرف جزء اساسي من في تلك المنظومة. يرتبط العرف بخاصية التنوع في المنظومات المركبة القادرة على التكيف والتي ترتبط بدورها بخاصية التاقلم في المنظومات المركبة. ترتبط تلك الخاصيتين بالتفاعلات الديناميكية في البيئة المبنية. انساق التعامل في البيئة المبنية ترتبط هي الاخرى بالعرف. كما ان العرف مرتبط بخاصية التنوع ايضا في المنظومات الردودية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تتكون المنظومات المركبة من مجموعة متنوعة من الانظمة فرعية او عدد كبير من العناصر المتفاعلة. يرى هولاند ان هذا التنوع الذي تظهره المنظومات المركبة القادرة على التكيف ليس بمحض الصدفة ولا عشوائي ولكنه هو نسق من التفاعلات الديناميكية بين عناصر. عندا اضطراب هذا النسق في اي لحظة يكون له القدرة على التنظيم الذاتي. تسطيع البنية المتنوعة تحسين مقدرة منظومة ما على التكيف وبالتالي تزداد ردوديتها مما يفسر ان التنوع خاصية من خصائص المنظومات الردودية. التأقلم في المنظومات المركبة القادرة على التكيف هو عملية ذات طبيعة متصاعدة حيث يسمع كل تأقلم باحتماليات جديدة للتفاعل.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">لقد أشرنا سابقا الى انه من الممكن النظر الى البيئة المبنية التقليدية على انها منظومة مركبة قادرة على التكيف حيث تحتوي على تنوع من التفاعلات التي تحدث بين عناصر تلك البيئة بشكل يومي وعلى مستوى فردي (موضعي). ان اعتراف الشريعة بالعرف كان عاملا اساسيا للتنوع في البيئة المبنية التقليدية. هذا التواصل بين الشريعة ذات الطبيعة الموحدة والاختلاف في العادات المحلية عبر المناطق يظهر الطبيعة الردودية لتلك المنظومة من القواعد. يبين هذا الرسم ان العرف والذي هو مكون اساسي في منظومة القواعد التقليدية هو عامل مهم في تعقد البيئة المبنية كا يظهر فيما تحتويه من تنوع مما يجعله مصدر من مصادر ردودية تلك البيئة.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Blue Subgraph </span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img alt="blue.png" height="441" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/FHjxHGIy6vxYynCe_qpNVeGssLkKrnIJ4khdGoFWzj_QYzuktIwVuR7XYmp8VFLmwdpntvVxKrKHg8h8ap9YdycaeEJ6V_HlnUKg5hDsn_u3AhoxqxtTULTI7lixl7w7f1MbiHYM" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="624" /></span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="287"></col><col width="51"></col><col width="286"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td dir="ltr" style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">هذا الرسم البياني الفرعي يربط ما بين خاصية التشابه الذاتي في المنظومات المركبة بخاصية التغير في حجم العين في البيئة المبنية التقليدية عن طريق الوراثة والشفعة ضمن منظومة القواعد التقليدية كنقاط ارتكاز. تربط تلك النقطتان بدورهما بخاصية التعقد في المنظومات الردودية. الانساق الفراغية غير المتوقعة هي واحدة من ضمن مجموعة المظاهرالتي من الممكن ملاحظتها في البيئة المبنية والتي تنتج عن القرارات والافعال التي يصعب غير المتوقعة وبالتالي ترتبط بخاصية النشوء والقدرة المحدودة على التنبؤ في المنظومات المركبة. كما تتلاقى منظومة القواعد التقليدية والانظمة المركبة في خواص المعرفة البطيئة والاطناب للانظمة الردودية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ينشأ النظام العام والانساق الفراغية غير المتوقعة في المدينة من الافعال العشوائية غير المتوقعة على مستوى محلي. في المدينة التقليدية نشأت الانساق الفراغية غير المتوقعة بطرق عديدة أحدها يرجع الى التغير في حجم العين وذلك بسبب التوريث او الشفعة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> تكون الشفعة عندما تعطى الاولوية للشريك او اقرب جار في عملية البيع مما يؤدي الى تكتل الاملاك في البيئة المبنية مع العلم ان التكتل هو خاصية من خواص الانظمة المركبة القادرة على التكيف. ولد التعامل بمبدأ الشفعة الى زيادة التعقد في المدينة التقليدية فعلى سبيل المثال ظهرت عناصر مثل او الممرات العابرة او ما يطلق عليه في المغرب العربي السابطات لتربط ملكيلتان عبر الشارع بدون الضرار بحركة الطريق.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> يعتبر التعقد التي تولده تلك الاساق غير المتوقعة خاصية اساسية في المنظومات الردودية حيث يعطي البيئة المبنية القدرة على التواجد في أكثر من حالة مستقلة بديلة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يؤدي تطبيق مبدأ التوريث الى تفتيت الملكيات في البيئة المبنية على العكس من تأثير الشفعة. ذلك التفتيت المتكرر يزيد من التعقد في البيئة المبنية والبعد الكسوري للنسيج العمراني للمدينة. يتجلى ذلك في تفرعات الشوارع والتشابه الذاتي ما بين الحواش الداخلية عبر المدينة الاسلامية التقليدية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يعتبر نموذج القاعة مثال اخر على التشابه الذاتي في المدينة العربية الاسلامية حيت يتكرر نفس النسق على مستويات مختلفة بتنويعات مختلفة. استمرت خاصية التشابه الذاتي عبر القرون من خلال العادات والاعراف المحلية والتي تم تناقلها شفهيا. ذلك التجمع من الخبرات حافظ على الالترابط بين العناصر المكونة للمنظومة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تتكون المنظومات المتعقدة من عناصر تشكل انساق متشابهة ذاتيا تترابط بشكل غير خطي. التشابه الذاتي هو التماثل عبر المستويات المختلفة مما يوحي بالتكرارية. من الممكن ان يؤدي التشابه الذاتي الى الزيادة عن الحاجة والذي يعتبر من خصائص المنظومات الردودية. لذلك فوجود التشابه الذاتي يساعد على تحسين ردودية البيئة المبنية بشكل عام.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">كان الهدف من هذا الرسم الفرعي ان يبين مدى تأثيربعض مبادئ منظزمة القواعد التقليدية مثل التوريث والشفعة على البيئة المبنية كما يظهر في تغير حجم الملكيات مما يؤدي الى زيادة التعقد متجلية في القدرة المحدودة على التنبوء والتشابه الذاتي. يتولد ذلك التعقد عن طريق المعرفة البطيئة والتي تعتبر من العوامل الهامة في ردودية البيئة المبنية التقليدية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
</td><td dir="ltr" style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td dir="ltr" style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The subgraph in Figure 5.3 relates the quality of ‘self-similarity’ in the complex systems to the ‘change in property size’ in the built environment using the principles of inheritance and pre-emption in the traditional built environments as its anchor nodes. These two nodes are in turn related to the complexity of resilient systems. In the built environment cluster, the ‘unpredictable spatial patterns’ node, that result from ‘unpredictable decisions and actions’ of the stakeholders, is linked to the qualities of ‘emergence’ and ‘limited predictability’ of the complex systems. The traditional rules system and the complex systems clusters meet each other in the nodes of the slow knowledge and redundancy in the resilient systems cluster.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the case of the city, global order and ‘unpredictable spatial patterns’ emerge from the bottom-up random unpredictable actions on the local level (Haghani, 2011). Unpredictable spatial patterns emerged within the traditional city in multiple ways. One can be due to ‘change in property size’, whether due to ‘pre-emption’ or ‘inheritance’.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Pre-emption, where the priority is given to a co-owner or closest neighbor to get the share of the other partner in a property (Akbar, 1988a), lead to the aggregation of property in the built environment. Aggregation is a characteristic of CAS discussed in section 4.3. This process increased the generated complexity in the urban fabric (Ben Hamouche, 2009b). For example, spatial elements such as crossover passages appeared to connect two properties across the street into one, without obscuring the circulation route (Fig. 5.4). </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The complexity that is generated by unpredictability is considered to be a principle attribute of resilient systems. It gives the built environment the capacity to exist in alternate stable state, as previously discussed in section 2.2. </span></span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The principle of inheritance when applied to the built environment, led to the subdivision of property (Fig. 5.5), as opposed to the impact of pre-emption. These recursive subdivisions increased the complexity of the urban fabric and the fractal dimension of the city (Fig. 5.6). This can be evident in the bifurcation of streets (Fig. 5.7) and the self-similarity of courtyards across the traditional Muslim cities (Ben Hamouche, 2009b). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Qa’a prototype is another example of self-similarity in the Arabs-Islamic cities. The same pattern existed across scales with different variations (Fig. 5.8). This self-similarity was always maintained over centuries as a result of cultural norms and local, verbally transmitted know-how (Akbar, 1988a) or what is discussed earlier in section 3.1.1 as ‘urf. This aggregation of experiences preserves the interconnectedness of components among the system.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complex systems consist of elements that form self-similar patterns interconnected in a nonlinear fashion (Haghani, 2011). Self-similarity means symmetry across scales and it implies recursion (Gleick, 1987). On a different level, self-similarity can be related and lead to the redundancy that is a main characteristic of resilient systems discussed in section 2.2. Therefore the notion of self-similarity can help increasing the resilience of the built environment as a whole. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The subgraph aimed to show how the influence of the inheritance and pre-emption principles of the traditional rules system, on the change of the property size in the built environment increased its complexity as evident in the notions of limited predictability and self-similarity. This complexity generated by the slow knowledge can thus be considered as a major factor of the resilience of the traditional built environment.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Orange Subgraph </span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img alt="orange.png" height="441" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/i8nbSTe9uGVehObYygpx95ZoP9X93XwYP0GwEKqGZbAl8JpnX6VQ1mwq6BHZjQCxFIgdQo3sMrB5stoAhSksq-Luvum4IDZwXsP7s1tRPXbEE8ctBBQBNQu6vyxGT98caO7OcXCX" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="624" /></span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="286"></col><col width="48"></col><col width="290"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td dir="ltr" style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">الرسم البياني الفرعي يربط خاصيتين النشوء والحساسية للحالة الاولية في المنظومات المركبة لخاصية التغير التراكمي في البيئات المبنية وصولا الى الاستقلالية، التفاعلات الديناميكية في البيئة المبنية التقليدية وذلك مرورا بحق الاسبقية في منظومة القواعد التقليدية والتي تربتبط بدورها بالمعرفة البطيئة للمنظومات الردودية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">النشوء هو عندما تظهر انساق ذات مستوى اعلى من تفاعلات ديناميكية متوازية مركبة بين عناصر محلية. من المبادئ الاساسية للنشوء: التفاعل بالتجاور، التغذية الاسترجاعية، والسيطرة غير المباشرة مما يوحي بالاستقلالية. استقلالية الاطراف ذات المصلحة كان من الخصائص المميزة في البيئة المبنية التقليدية والذي نشأ من خلال تطبيق منظومة القواعد الفقهية. </span></div>
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<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">الانظمة النشوئية هي انظمة تحكمها قواعد حيث تستمد قدرتها على التعلم والنمو والتجريب من التزامها بالقواعد المحلية البسيطة. في سبيل فهم ظاهرة النشوء يجب التخلي عن السيطرة والسماح للمنظومات من ان تحكم نفسها ياستقلالية بقدر المستطاع والتعلم من المعرفة البطيئة والتي هي من خصائص المنظومات الردودية. هذا التجمع من الخبرات يحافظ على الترابط بين عناصر المنظومة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">مبدأ حق الاسبقية والذي طبق في البيئة المبنية التقليدية حيث الافعال التي تسبق لها ميزة الاستدامة عن الافعال التي تليها. ادى تطبيق تلك القاعدة الى نشوء بيئات ذات استقلالية حيث تكون السيطرة في ايدي الطرف المقيم حيث يعرف كل طرف دوره ومسؤولياته في تلك البيئة. قد يرتبط حق الاسبقية بخاصية الحساسية للحالة الاولية في المنظومات المركبة حيث ينتج عن مجموعة من التغيرات غير الخطية الصغيرة في الحالة الاولية تغيرات مركبة جذرية في مخرج المنظومة. نرى ذلك في المدينة حيث تتسبب سلسلة من العمليات المتراكمة غالبا ما تبدأ بفعل على مستوى محدود ذو احتمالات نشوئية. من الممكن ان نطلق على تلك الظاهرة في حالة البيئة المبنية التقليدية تراكم القرارات. من الممكن النظر لهذا التراكم على انه معرفة بطيئة والتي هي عنصر رئيسي لتحسين ردودية البيئة المبنية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">من خلال كشف تلك العلاقات يبين ذلك الرسم الفرعي ان مبدأ حق الاسبقية كان من عوامل ردودية البيئة المبنية. كما يظهر ان التغير التراكمي المبني على المعرفة البطيئة نشأ من خلال تطبيق ذلك المبدأ ضمن منظومة القواعد التقليدية.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td dir="ltr" style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td dir="ltr" style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The subgraph in Figure 5.9 relates both the ‘emergence’ and ‘sensitivity to the initial conditions’ properties of the complex systems to the feature of ‘incremental change’ in the built environment and the notions of ‘autonomy’, ‘responsibility’ and ‘dynamic interactions’ in the traditional built environment through the ‘right of precedence’ which belongs to the traditional rules system which in turn is connected to the ‘slow knowledge’ node in the resilient systems cluster.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Emergence is when a higher level pattern arises out of parallel complex dynamic interaction between local agents (Johnson, 2001). As previously mentioned in section 4.2, among the core principles of emergence are neighbors’ interaction, feedback and indirect control that implies autonomy. Autonomy of the stakeholders was a significant attribute of the traditional built environment that emerged from the application of fiqh rules system. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Since emergent systems are rule-governed, their capacity for learning and growth and experimentation derives from their adherence to low-level local rules (Johnson, 2001). Understanding emergence has always been about giving up control, letting systems autonomously govern themselves as much as possible, and learn from slow knowledge (Johnson, 2001). Slow knowledge is a principle attribute of resilient systems, as previously discussed in section 2.2. This aggregation of experiences preserves the interconnectedness of components among the system.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The principle of right of precedence that was applied in the traditional city were preceding actions may continue while every new action was questionable. This rule resulted in autonomous environment where control was in the hand of the largest size residing party and each party recognized its responsibility in this environment (Akbar, 1984). Right of precedence can be related to a characteristic of complex systems that is called sensitivity to initial condition, where infinitely small nonlinear changes in the starting condition of a system will result in dramatically different complex output of this system (Haghani, 2011). Within the city, a series of cause-effect process of incremental change often start with small-scale actions that have an emergent potential (Ben Hamouche, 2009a; Hamdi, 2004). In the case of the traditional built environment this is also called 'accretion of decisions” (Akbar, 1988b). This accretion can be regarded as slow knowledge that enhances the resilience of the built environment, as previously discussed in section 2.2.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Through establishing the relations discussed above, this subgraph aimed to show that the right of precedence was a factor in the resilience of the built environment. Incremental change based on slow knowledge emerged from the application of this principle of the traditional rules system.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Black Subgraph</span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img alt="black.png" height="441" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-Z6lG_eHT8tgUH7MHkBBB0sXtOa7KTrzDYG6Id7NpZNivhd6v7LwfjR4jyw8FAOa-_9jYY6ph_rkFtnL4dwag-GIUXafeKbLWZ7khjXj9NC2l40_r1giJrjPKkFQhPtwD9m7g69N" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="624" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="290"></col><col width="44"></col><col width="290"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The following subgraph (Fig. 5.10) relates the ‘principle of damage’, represented as a node in the traditional rules system cluster, to the qualities of ‘irreducibility’, ‘limited predictability’ and ‘deterministic chaos’ of the complex systems. These qualities are evident in the ‘unpredictable decisions and actions’ in the built environment. This all relates to the ‘complexity’ as a characteristic of resilient systems.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Jane Jacobs (1961) argued that the city is a living organism with complex inter-linkages and holistic behavior. Components of a complex system are closely interconnected together at a local level and to its environment at a global level (Haghani, 2011). This makes complex system irreducible, meaning that it cannot be reconstructed by simply adding its elements together. These two notions are behind the complexity of socio-ecological systems which greatly enhances its resilience, as previously discussed in section 2.2.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Another feature of a complex system is the notion of limited predictability about the outcomes of process of change that originate from these bottom-up processes (Haghani, 2011). The main source of this unpredictability in the city is the unpredictable decisions and actions of users as free agents. Random behaviors in the city were generated within a set of few simple rules that govern the whole system. This condition can also be known as ‘complexity through rules’ (Haghani, 2011). These rules that determine the system’s general character and behavior, the way agents interact. The source of these rules in the case of the modern city can be the planning policies and building regulations.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the traditional built environment interactions between stakeholders were organized according to the ‘principle of damage’ among other rules. This principle allowed for the freedom of actions based on multiple unpredictable individual decisions. Yet these random actions were controlled by a simple rule of not causing any harm to others. This resulted in a condition that is referred to by Haghani (2011) as ‘deterministic chaos’ where behaviors of agents in a complex system are randomly generated yet they are determined by the rules of the system.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As we can see from the above, applying these kind of simple rules significantly contributed to the complexity of the traditional Arab-Islamic built environment and thus increasing its adaptability and resilience. </span></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">هذا الرسم البياني الفرعي يربط مبدأ الضرر ضمن منظومة القواعد التقليدية ببعض من خصائص المنظومات المركبة مثل </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #212121; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">عدم قابلية الاختزال، الامكانية المحدودة على التنبؤ والفوضى الحتمية. تتجلى تلك الخصائص في البيئة المبنية في صورة القرارات والافعال غير المتوقعة. ورتبط ذلك كله بخاصية التعقد في الانظمة الردودية.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ترى جين جاكوبس ان المدينة كائن حي له روابط مشتركة مركبة وسلوك كلي. تترابط مكونات المنظومات المركبة بشدة مع بعضها البعض على المستوى المحلي ومع البيئة المحيطة على المستوى الكلي مما يجعل تلك المنظومات غير قابلة للاختزال بمعنى انه ليس من الممكن اعادة انشائها فقط باضافة مكوناتها لبعض ببساطة. تلك الخاصيتين هما وراء تعقد المنظومات البيئية الاجتماعية مما يزيد من قدرتها الردودية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">خاصية اخرى من خواص المنظومات المركبة هي القدرة المحدودة على التنبؤ بمخرجات عمليات التغير والتي تنشأ من اسفل لأعلى. المصدر الرئيسي لتلك القدرة المحدودة على التنبؤ في المدينة هو القرارات والافعال غير المتوقعة من طرف العناصر الحرة. يتولد السلوك العشوائي في المدينة من خلال مجموعة من القواعد البسيطة التي توجه المنظومة بكليتها وقد يطلق على تلك الحالة التعقد من خلال القواعد. تحدد تلك القواعد الشخصية والسلوك العام للمنظومة حيث تتفاعل عناصرها. مصدر تلك القواعد في المدينة الحديثة هو سياسات التخطيط واشتراطات البناء. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">كانت التفاعلات والمعاملات بين الاطراق ذات المصلحة في البيئة المبنية التقليدية تنتظم بمبدأ الضرر ضمن مجموعة أخرى من القواعد. اتاح ذلك المبدأ الحرية في التصرف والفعل بناء على مجموعة من القرارات الفردية غير المتوقعة او المعروفة مسبقا. وبالرغم من عشوائية تلك الافعال فقد كان يحكمها مبدأ بسيط هو الا تسبب الضرر لآخرين مما أدى الى ظهور حالة يطلق عليها الفوضى المنظمة حيث تتولد سلوكيات العناصر في المنظومة المركبة بشكل عشوائي ولكن تحكمها قواعد تلك المنظومة.</span></div>
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<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">كما نرى فان تطبيق تلك المجموعة من القواعد البسيطة اسهم بشكل كبير في تعقد البيئة المبنية التقليدية في الدينة العربية الاسلامية مما زاد من قدرتها عل التكيف والارتداد.</span></div>
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</span><br />
<h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Green Subgraph </span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img alt="green.png" height="441" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/yirSTuA9z-MdDKKskBpezylm5k4wai8ID2L9rCSkF06bfo6NBlQ__zpWuey3av9ALjYPKPNhI_7R5xeDpEuIrq9yy4QD5QnYpmp8RuBLEcJilRSg08PAeXnKYaM0t_IoxDfaYgJB" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="624" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="283"></col><col width="55"></col><col width="286"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the subgraph shown in Figure 5.11 the principle of ‘land revivification’, which belongs to the traditional rules system, is related to feedback, which is a characteristic of complex systems. Feedback is closely related to the notion of ‘flow in the CAS cluster. Feedback in the built environments is evident in the ‘unpredictable spatial’ and ‘interface patterns’ in general and the ‘dynamic interactions’ in the traditional built environment in specific. The subgraph shows how these relations are connected to the resilient systems through the nodes of ‘social networks’ and ‘tight feedbacks’.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complex systems structure and organization emerges without pre-design. It is the result of patterns of interactions between agents themselves and their surrounding environment. This happens through the recursive process of feedback that requires a flow of energy and information. The information is stored in forms or patterns within the system, conveying a kind of memory (Holland, 1995). Feedback can be one of the reasons behind the incremental change in a system where the behaviors of elements influence the way other elements act through a series of relationships. As previously discussed in section 2.2, resilience of a system is significantly enhanced through feedback loops among various components of a system that effectively transmit slow knowledge.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Through their interpretation of interface patterns, human users are the main source of feedback in the city (Haghani, 2011). In the case of traditional Muslim built environment, one of the main principles in the rules system that greatly enhanced the process of feedback was the principle of land revivification (Akbar, 1988a). The act of ‘land revivification’ resulted in gradual transition of responsibility of leftover space in the urban fabric from authorities to residents hence the amount of social interaction among the controlling parties increased significantly (Ben Hamouche, 2009a). This incremental process of ‘land revivification’ generated unpredictable spatial patterns, increasing the complexity of the traditional Arab-Islamic built environment. Thus, as previously discussed in section 2.2, maintaining tight feedback loops through strong social networks was critical in supporting the resilience of this complex system.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This subgraph aimed to demonstrate that the right to revivify land in the traditional rules system motivated the process of feedback throughout the built environment via the notion of responsibility among stakeholders. Due to this feedback process the social networks were greatly intensified producing a more resilient built environment. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Conclusion</span></span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this chapter, three different bodies of literature (resilience systems, Complexity Theory and environment and behavior studies) were interrelated to show that the application of the traditional rules system (based on Islamic fiqh) enhanced the resilience of the traditional built environment through the capacities of emergence and self-organization. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">These interrelationships were presented in a graph dubbed the Computational Rules Graph (CRG) (Fig.5.12). This graph consists of four clusters of nodes where each cluster represents a system based on the aforementioned bodies of literature. Each cluster contains a number of nodes that represent the main characteristics of this system. By connecting (wiring) these nodes together a number of subgraphs emerge. An attempt was made to verify the relations represented in each subgraph with the support of the main bodies of literature previously mentioned and examples from the built environment.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It is worth noting that the subgraphs shown in Figure 5.12 still need further verification. Due to the limited scope of the study, this graph can be further expanded by studying other interrelations where more subgraphs can be extracted. Also the connections between the subgraphs themselves may further be studied. A thorough network of relations and attributes of the built environment can be reached by tracing all possible connections (for further explorations refer to the enclosed transparencies).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As the presented graph links many concepts from different areas of research, it can help in generating and developing a theory. The CRG can provide a framework to map previous experiments conducted on the built environment using computation. It can also be a base flow chart for future algorithms designed for innovative applications in planning of the built environments.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يرتكز هذا الرسم البياني على مبدأ احياء الموات والذي نتمي لمنظومة القواعد التقليدية حيث يرتبط بخاصية التغذية الاسترجاعية في المنظومات المركبة والتي لها علاقة وثيقة بخاصية التدفق في المنظومات المركبة القادرة على التكيف. تظهر التغذية الاسترجاعية في البيئة المبنية في الانساق الفراغية غير المتوقعة وانساق التعامل بشكل عام والتفاعلات الديناميكية في البيئات المبنية التقليدية بشكل خاص. يبين الرسم كيف ترتبط تلك العلاقات بالمنظومات الردودية من خلال خاصيتين الشبكات الاجتماعية والتغذية السترجاعية المحكمة.</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> لا ينشأ تنظيم وبنية المنظومات المركبة بناء على تصميم مسبق بل نتيجة انساق التفاعل بين العناصر وبعضها وبينها وبين البيئة المحيطة. تحدث تلك التفاعلات من خلال عملية متكرة من التغذية الاسترجاعية تتطلب تدفق من المعلومات والطاقة. تلك المعلومات تكون مخزونة في اشكال او انساق بداخل المنظومة كنوع من الذاكرة. قد تكون التغذية الاسترجاعية من المسببات واء التغير التراكمي في المنظومة حيث تؤثر سلوكيات االعناصر على بعضها البعض من خلال علاقاتها المتسلسلة. ان ردودية منظومة ما تتحسن بشكل قوي من خلال دوائر التغذية الاسترجاعية بين مختلف المكونات التي تنقل المعرفة البطيئة عبر المنظومة.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">من خلال فهم انساق التعامل أصبح الانسان مصدر رئيسي للتغذية الاسترجاعية في المدينة. في حالة المدينة الإسلامية التقليدية كان مبدأ إحياء الأرض الموات من الاسباب وراء تحسين عملية التغذية الاسترجاعية. أدى تطبيق مبدأ إحياء الأرض الموات إلى التحول التدريجي للمسؤولية عن المساحات المهملة من النسيج العمراني من السلطة الي السكان مما زاد في حجم التفاعلات الاجتماعية بين الاطراف المعنية. تولد عن عملية احياء الارض الموات التدريجية انساق فراغية غير متوقعة مما زاد من التعقد في البيئة المبنية التقليدية للمدينة العربية الاسلامية. بذلك يظهر لنا ان الحفاظ على دوائر محكمة للتغذية الاسترجاعية من خلال شبكات اجتماعية قوية كان من العوامل الحساسة في دعم ردودية المنظومات المركبة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">حاول هذا الرسم الفرعي ان يبين ان حق احياء الارض الموات في منظومة القواعد التقليدية كان محفزا لعملية تغذية استرجاعية عبر البيئة المبنية من خلال فكرة المسؤولية بين الجهات المعنية. تلك عملية من التغذية الاسترجاعية كانت من الاسباب وراء تقوية الشبكات الاجتماعية مما نتج عنه بيئة مبنية أكثر ردودية.</span></div>
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<h2 dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">خاتمة</span></h2>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">حاول هذا الفصل الربط بين ثلاث مجموعات من الادبيات عن المنظومات الردودية، نظرية التعقد ودراسات البيئة والسلوك ليظهر ان تطبيق منظومة القواعد التقليدية المستندة على الفقه الاسلامي قد رفع القدرة الردودية للبيئة المبنية التقليدية من خلال قدرات النشوء والتنظيم الذاتي.</span></div>
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<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">حاول الرسم البياني تمثيل تلك العلاقات المتبادلة حيث تكون من اربع تجمعات من العقد يمثل كل تجمع منها منظومة مبنية على الادبيات السابق ذكرها. يحتوي كل تجمع على مجموعة من العقد والتي تمثل الخصائص الاساسية كل منظومة. من خلال الربط بين تلك العقد ينشأ عدد من الرسوم البيانية الفرعية. تم محاولة التحقق من العلاقات الممثلة في كل رسم بياني فرعي اعتمادا على تحليل الادبيات الاساسية عن كل نوع من الانظمة وبيان امثلة عن كيف تظهر في البيئة المبنية.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">الجدير بالذكر ان تلك الرسوم البيانية الفرعية تحتاج للمزيد من التحقق. نظرا لضيق نطاق الدراسة فان هذا الرسم البياني من الممكن ان يمتد لدراسة علاقات متبادلة أخرى حيث قد تظهر رسوم بيانية فرعية اخرى. العلاقات بين الرسوم البيانية الفرعية تحتاج الى المزيد من الدراسة حيث من الممكن التوصل لشبكة اكثر عمق من العلاقات والخصائص للبيئة المبنية من خلال تتبع كل الروابط الممكنة.</span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">بقدر ما يحتوي هذا الرسم البياني على العديد من المفاهيم من مجالات بحثية مختلفة فمن الممكن ان يتولد عنه ويساعد في تطوير نظرية حيث يوفر هذا الرسم البياني اطارا لتتبع واستشفاف التجارب السابقة في البيئة المبنية باستخدام الحوسبة. من الممكن ايضا ان يستخدم كاداة لتسجيل اللوغارتمات المستقبلية لتصميم تطبيقات مبتكرة في تخطيط البيئة المبنية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 26.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CHAPTER SIX</span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 26.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">CONCLUSION</span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="317" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/OKmPpwg-eOdg6Qckp02FE8ZUjUx14CkQqtPr8DuaBSxcZFXBZZxpyeB9_TZq2XURL11kztf_6EwbBQujWEKPKO2-h7sQbvd6H3qEVb4GwDywt4INLj1QHnvAqoROfuT3lSneoD5c" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="624" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Figure (1.4) Research methodology Diagram </span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="287"></col><col width="48"></col><col width="289"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 0px;"><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traditional design is a treasure house of human experience, of successes and failures and of ways in which built environments interacted with ecological settings and culture.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">" </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Rapoport, 1989, p. 100)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Summary</span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This study aimed to show that the resilient nature of the traditional rules system based on Islamic law played a major role in increasing the complexity of the traditional built environment and its self-organizational capacity, hence its resilience and capacity to deal with change over long periods of time. This objective was sought through the analysis, interpretation and interrelation of three different bodies of literature (Resilience Theory, environment and behavior studies and Complexity Theory).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the first chapter, the study began by introducing the main three concepts that it is based upon: resilience, socio-cultural rule, and complexity. In the three chapters that followed, the notion of resilience was traced in three different systems: resilient systems, traditional rules system and complex systems (Fig. 1.4). Each chapter began with some basic introductory ideas related to the system to be discussed. This was followed by listing the main attributes and characteristics of the system. In the end of each chapter, the relation between the system of interest and the built environment was discussed.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In chapter five, an attempt was made to map the interrelation between these three systems and the built environment. This was done using a graph that was called the Computational Rules Graph (CRG). This graph acted as a theoretical framework to show that since the principles of the rules system based on Islamic law that governed and shaped the traditional built environment are closely related to the attributes of complex system and since complexity is an inherit attribute of resilient systems therefore, traditional built environments are resilient due to the complexity created by the application of the rules system.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Following is an elaboration on how simple rules as those presented in the traditional rule system can generate the kind of complexity manifested in the traditional Muslim built environments and how this contributed to the resilience of these environments.</span></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"التصميم التقليدي كنز من التجربة الانسانية، من النجاحات والاخفاقات ومن الاساليب التي تفاعلت بها البيئة المبنية مع المحيط البيئي والثقافي."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">رابوبورت 1989 ص.100</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ملخص</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تهدف تلك الدراسة ان تظهر ان الطبيعة الردودية لمنظومة القواعد التقليدية المستندة على الشريعة الاسلامية لعبت دورا مهما في زيادة تعقد البيئة المبنية التقليدية وقدرتها على التنظيم الذاتي وبالتالي تحسين قدرتها الردودية والتاقلم مع التغير على مدار الزمن. تم السعي لتحقيق هذا الهدف من خلال تحليل وفهم والربط ما بين ثلاث مجموعات مختلفة من الادبيات كما سبق وذكرنا من قبل.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">بدأت الدراسة في الفصل الاول بالتقديم لثلاثة مفاهيم اساسية: الردودية، القواعد الاجتماعية الثقافية والتعقد. في الفصول الثلاثة التي تلت تلك المقدمة تم تتبع فكرة الردودية في ثلاثة منظومات: المنظومات الردودية، المنظومات المركبة ومنظومة القواعد التقليدية. بدأ كل فصل بالتقديم لبعض الافكار الاساسية المتعلقة بالمنظومة التي سيتم دراستها. تلى ذلك عرض للخصائص الاساسية التي تميز كل منظومة. في نهاية كل فصل تم نقاش علاقة كل منظومة بالبيئة المبنية ومظاهر تجليها.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">في الفصل الخامس تم محاولة رسم العلاقات المتبادلة بين المنظومات الثلاثة والبيئة المبنية. تم ذلك من خلالما يسمى الرسم بياني للقواعد القابلة للحوسبة. كان ذا الرسم بمثابة اطار نظري لبيان انه بما ان مبادئ منظومة القواعد التقليدية المعتمدة على الشريعة الاسلامية، والتي حكمت وشكلت البيئة العربية الاسلامية المبنية التقليدية، شديدة الارتباط بخصائص المنظومات المركبة وبما ان التعقد هو من الخصائص الاصيلة للمنظومات الردودية فمن الممكن استنتاج ان قدرة البيئة المبنية التقليدية على الارتداد هي نتيجة للتعقد الناتج عن تطبيق منظومة القواعد التقليدية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">فيما يلي تفصيل لوضيح كيف ان قواعد بسيطة مثل التي تكون منظومة القواعد التقليدية تستطيع ان تولد حجم التعقد الذي تظهره البيئات التقليدية العربية الاسلامية كيف اسهم ذلك على قدرة تلك البيئات على الارتداد.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Discussion</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As previously noted, cities are considered as organizational social systems that their structures change over time. Organizational systems can be of two types: hierarchical and spontaneous. The organizational structure of these systems is determined by the ‘span of control’ (Zywick, 1998).</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In hierarchical systems the actions and decision-making process is centrally directed from the top. In contrast, in spontaneous orders actions arise from millions of mutual transactions on the bottom level between individuals. Thus, decentralization can be regarded as a defining characteristic of spontaneous orders, where most of decision-making authority belongs to the base (Zywick, 1998). An example for this in the traditional built environment was demonstrated through the application of the right of precedence where control of property was dispersed to the residing party. It was noted in section 2.2 that overlay hierarchical systems limits the capacity to adapt to change. Thus, complex systems will be more effectively governed by decentralization spontaneous principles which make these systems more resilient. In practice, this can imply relinquishing more control to actors on the local levels.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As more control is in the hand of individuals, rules need to be easier to understand and implement in the decision making. An example of simple rules applied in the traditional built environment is the principle of damage.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> “</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complex rules for a complex world are an invitation to a disaster.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">” </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Epstein, 1995, p. 140)</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Epstein argues that complex systems demand simple rules rather than complex ones. Epstein believed that traditional laws are more attuned to the modern world with all its complexities (Epstein, 1995). Highly decentralized complex systems, suggested above, necessitates the simplicity of the governing rules (Zywick, 1998).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Epstein’s legal simple rules were mainly concerned with two aspects that are closely related to the built environment: personal autonomy and property acquisition. Personal autonomy is an attribute of free society, where each individual agent is held responsible for his/her well-being (Barry, 1998). The influence of applying the principles of the traditional rules system, such as the right of precedence, on the issue of responsibility in the traditional built environment were discussed in section 3.3. Epstein is aware the most socially-efficient rule about ownership is the first possession (Barry, 1998). Similarly, this aspect was the concern of the traditional rules system based on fiqh such as in the case of the principle of land revivification.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The interaction of agents through social networks produces an aggregate entity that is more flexible and adaptive than its components. Aggregation of units in large clusters enables them to set their own objectives thus being autonomous (Johnson, 2001). The built form of the traditional Arab-Islamic city can be considered as an emergent result of slow accumulation of knowledge, decisions and actions governed by rules system. The advantage of this accretion of decisions that it was based on real situations and involved real autonomous users within real site constraints. This creates a system is so interrelated, which is a feature of complex systems. This accretion of knowledge and experience is a key to an efficient adaptable built environment (Akbar, 1988b).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">“</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traditional cultures have displayed unexpected Resilience.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">” </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(Ibrahim, 2002, p. 238) </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The uniqueness and ‘autonomy’ of the traditional dwellings and settlements is an outcome of the internal resilience of tradition itself (Crysler, 2003). This is evident within the traditional built environment in the application of principles such as right of precedence and land revivification as discussed in more detail in chapter 3. This internal resilience is evident in the resilient capacity of traditional buildings and modes of social organization to cope with challenges like rapid urbanization and globalization.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traditional practices contain the Genotypes which can produce more resilient contemporary urban living patterns. Traditional communities are knowledgeable and capable of self-organization that shows livelihood resilience based on intangible values, which in the context of Arab-Islamic communities are deeply rooted in Islamic religion.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traditional society constructed what can be called a collective consciousness that materialize common beliefs such as religion into codes and rules (Crysler, 2003). In the case of the traditional Arab-Islamic built environments this can be evident in Islamic laws that governed the community. These laws constituted the underlying deep structure that were mapped through the transformation rules of fiqh into the surface structure of the urban fabric of the traditional Muslim built environment. Crysler argues that the strength of this collective inner spirit is that it forms a protective barrier around the identity of societies. Therefore, resilience of traditional built environments is linked to the endurance of this spirit (Crysler, 2003).</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><h2 dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">مناقشة</span></h2>
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<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">كما تم الاشارة من قبل فان المدن ممكن اعتبارها منظومات اجتماعية تنظيمية تتغير بنيتها عبر الزمن. المنظومات التنظيمية لها نوعان: تراتبي او تلقائي. البنية التظيمية لتلك المنظومات يحددها ما يعرف بنطاق التحكم. تكون الافعال وعملية اتخاذ القرارمركزية في المنظومات التراتبية وموجهة من الاعلى. اما المنظومات التلقائية فهي على النقيض حيث تنشأ الافعال من ملايين التفاعلات المتبادلة على مستويات سفلى بين الافراد.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تحتاج القواعد ان تكون ايسر للفهم والتطبيق كلما زاد التحكم في ايدي الافراد.مبدأ لا ضرر ولا ضرار يعتبر مثال على تلك القواعد البسيطة التي كانت مطبقة في البيئة المبنية التقليدية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"قواعد مركبة لعالم مركب هي بمثابة دعوة لكارثة"</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ايبشتاين 1995 ص.140</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يرى ايبشتاين ان المنظومات المركبة تتطلب قواعد بسيطة اكثر مما تتطلب قواعد مركبة. كما يرى ان القوانين التقليدية كان اكثرمناسبة للعالم الحديث بكل تعقداته. لذلك فان المنظومات المركبة شديدة المركزية تحتاج بالضرورة لبساطة القواعد الحاكمة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">قواعد ايبشتاين البسيطة تعنى بموضوعين اساسيين شديدي الارتباط بالبيئة المبنية: الاستقلالية الفردية واكتساب الملكية. الاستقلالية الفردية هي خاصية من خصائص المجتمعات الحرة حيث يصبح كل فرد مسئولا عما ينفعه ويكون في خيره ومصلحته. ولقد سبق واشرنا الى مدى تأثير مبادئ منظومة القواعد التقليدية مثل حق الاسبقية على مفهوم المسؤولية في البيئة المبنية التقليدية. ان ايبشتاين يعي ذلك بشكل او بآخر حيث يرى ان اكثر القواعد الاجتماعية فيما يخص الملكية هو الحيازة الاسبق. وبنفس المبدأ كانت منظومة القواعد التقليدية تعنى بهذا الشأن كما هو الحال في تطبيق مبدأ احياء الارض الموات.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ينتج عن تفاعل العناصر عبر الشبكات الاجتماعية كيان مجمع أكثر مرونة وقدرة على التاقلم من مكوناته. تجميع الوحدات في تجمعات كبيرة يسمح لها بتحديد اهدافها باستقلالية. من الممكن اعتبار البيئة المبنية في المدينة العربية الاسلامية ناشئة من التراكم البطئ للمعلومات، القرارات والافعال والتي يحكمها نظام من القواعد. من مميزات ذلك الالتحام والتنامي للقرارات انه يكون مستندا الى مواقف حقيقية ويضم افراد مستقلين تحت ظروف محيطة حقيقية مما يخلق منظومة شديدة الترابط وذلك مما يميز المنظومات المركبة. ان تلاحم المعرفة والخبرات يعتبر من المفاتيح لبيئة مبنية اكثر كفاءة ومرونة.</span></div>
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<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">"لقد اظهرت الثقافات التقليدية ردودية غير متوقعة"</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ابراهيم، 2002 ص.238</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ان تفرد واستقلالية المساكن والمستوطنات التقليدية هو نتاج الردودية الكامنة للتقاليد. يتجلى ذلك في البيئة المبنية عند تطبيق مبادئ مثل حق الاسبقية واحياء الموات.تظهرالردودية الكامنة في مقدرة المباني واساليب التنظيم المجتمعي على التاقلم مع تحديات مثل التحضر السريع والعولمة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">احتوت الممارسات التقليدية على المورثات التي تسطيع ان تنتج انساق عمرانية حية اكثر ردودية. المجتمعات التقليدية هي اكثر معرفة ومقدرة على التنظيم الذاتي ويظهر ذلك في الردودية الحية المستندة الى قيم ضمنية كانت متجذرة في حالة المجتمعات العربية الاسلامية. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">انشأ المجتمع التقليدي ما قد يطلق عليه الضمير الجمعي والذي يجسد الاعتقادات المشتركة في صورة اكواد وقواعد.يظهر ذلك في حالة البيئات المبنية العربية الاسلامية في القوانين الاسلامية التي حكمت المجتمع. كونت تلك القوانين البنية الكامنة العميقة التي تستشف من خلال تحول القواعد الفقهية الى بنية ظاهرة في شكل النسيج العمراني للبيئة الاسلامية التقليدية. يرى كرايزلر ان قوة تلك الروح الجمعية الكامنة هي التي الحاجز الواقي حول هويات المجتمع. لذلك فان ردودية البيئة المبنية التقليدية ترتبط بصمود تلك الروح.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><img height="851" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/85ggqZCNeBVJ5k8Mqndaod3Fyd1DNJxDkdXZ3YZs2McUFkpE_0QO12UtnMXIYUM2KFqgsRofoXevTtNPArq7uLrtz4xI0PiLAxkNpssl3CE-CUnmI_5Vi0jHBcQ133O5Au2JlKtP" style="-webkit-transform: rotate(0.00rad); border: none; transform: rotate(0.00rad);" width="624" /></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Figure (6.2) Two urban fabrics that are separated by over nine hundred years. Top: Bab al-Wazir area in historic Cairo (developed in the eleventh century); bottom: Fustat Plateau area (developed in the 1980’s). Source: (Sims, 2010)</span></div>
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<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="285"></col><col width="52"></col><col width="287"></col></colgroup><tbody>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Future Potential</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The following aspects can be further studied and explored in future research, especially within the Middle East local contexts.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #434343; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traditional and informal settlements</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traditional and informal settlements are claimed to share a lot of aspects that can be explored in order to enhance our understanding of these built environments. In the following some of these aspects will be discussed briefly.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Self-organization in spontaneous settlements</span></h4>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spontaneous settlements usually referred to in many developing countries as peripheral or informal settlements form an important portion of the urban growth of these cities (Barros & Sobreira, 2002). These settlements can be considered as complex subsystems embedded within complex urban system as Barros and Sobreira (2002) discussed briefly in the conclusion of their paper titled as ‘City of Slums’. Barros and Sobreira demonstrate the role of self-organization of spontaneous informal settlements in the socio political dynamics of the Third World cities. Barros and Sobreira argue that spontaneous settlements are constantly shaping and being shaped by self-organized process. This makes them a key element to understand the spatial pattern of Third World cities (Barros & Sobreira, 2002).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cairo, Sao Paulo and other cities of the developing world have been studied as chaotic uncontrolled spatial entities due to the spread of spontaneous settlements. Barros and Sobreira argue that spontaneous settlements play an important role in the city growth dynamics. These settlements that are considered as instability pockets can be vital for the global stability of a system that is the city as they can absorb part of social instability manifested in housing deficit. This assumption by Portugali mentioned by Barros and Sobreira backs up Turner’s (1977) argument that spontaneous settlements can be an alternative solution for the problem of housing deficit in the developing world. This can prove true if it was viewed from the self-organization view (Barros & Sobreira, 2002).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spontaneity and the future city</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Robert Neuwrith (2006) mentions a very interesting thought in his book called Shadow Cities that the way informal spontaneous settlements across many countries across the world have evolved is very similar to the way medieval old cities did. Further research can prove that the same assumption applies to the informal settlements and the medieval city of Cairo. This claim is validated by the observation brought up by David Sims (2010).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> By looking at Figure 6.2, it shows how the urban fabric of informal developments on state desert land in Cairo we can see how the streets networks and building lots emerged spontaneously through interactions (negotiations) between agents (settlers) and the mechanisms of the informal land market and the common need for access and circulation (interdependence) resulting in a local neighborhood pattern remarkably similar to the medieval urban fabrics (Sims, 2010, pp. 116-117). Sims argues that informal processes are autonomous; they rely on personal interactions. Informal urban development should be seen as a normative, as a new form of urbanization, as long as there are poor migrating to the city and are not able to find a place to live (Sims, 2010).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Neuwrith introduces another provocative thought that squatters and the way they have developed can offer a solution for the future city as squatters proved extremely effective in the act of clearing the land and building on it. Their story of struggle and successes makes us view the land from another perspective than that of purchase and exchange value (Neuwirth, 2006).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Decoding /Encoding rules system</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">If we are to understand the interactions between multiple agents, we need first to know the capabilities of individual agents (Holland, 1995). Holland sees that it can be heuristically useful to think of agent's behavior as a result of a set of ‘If-Then’ rules. In the context of the traditional built environment, this can be applicable also to the principles of the traditional rules system. The rules can be decoded from the built environment in an ‘If-Then’ format then encoded using computational models discussed in section 4.3.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Complex adaptive systems (CAS) and governance</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As previously mentioned in the course of this study, emergent higher level patterns can arise out of parallel complex interaction between local agents. It has been also noted that emergent systems are rule governed systems; their capacity for learning and growth and experimentation is derived from governing decentralized local rules. Acknowledging that giving up top-down control, giving systems a margin of freedom to govern themselves (bottom-up) as much as possible and letting it learn from and build on their experience is essential to understand emergence in CAS. Applying this framework to case studies from informal settlements around Cairo, several innovations in governance can be identified that demonstrate how CAS thinking can be valuable in utilizing governance to enhance the resilience of the built environment.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The CAS approach shifts the perspective on governance from the aim to control change in resources through a rigid prescriptive socio-political systems, which is assumed to be stable, to increasing the capacity of social-ecological systems to learn to live with and shape change and even find ways to transform into more desirable directions. Adaptive management of environmental resources presents a challenge to traditional government, with its reliance on bureaucratic procedures, the lengthy processes of legislative deliberation, and the often arbitrary nature of judicial decision making.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Conventional ideas about governance involve a top-down hierarchy under a single central controlling authority. In contrast, a CAS is characterized by interdependent network clusters under distributed control, with an open boundary and shared authority. The goals of agencies in traditional governance are ideally clear with defined problems. The goals in a collaborative CAS are various and changing. In conventional governance, planning is linear and the criterion for success is the attainment of policy goals. In a collaborative CAS, planning is nonlinear and the criterion for success is the realization of collective free action by the agents. In the long term, governance strategies for resilience may require a combination of strategies depending on the context (Booher & Innes, 2010). This emergent model of self-governance and self-organization can be more resonant with effective approaches to adaptive management that enhance resilience for resource management than traditional government practices.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Traditional rules system in domestic context (residential scale)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Shared social patterns and preferences of a culture are expressed in the house and the organization of its spaces. This makes it a product of collective identity. Dealing with social intercourse and spatial domains makes it difficult to study the house separately from the settlement or the city it is located in. the house needs to be studies as a part of a larger social and spatial system (Rapoport, 1969).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The house can be the most complex building, despite its domestic and small physical scale. A house can only be validly studied as a system of settings that certain system of activities occurs within (Rapoport, 1969). That makes it imperative to explore the open-endedness or resilience of housing from a dwelling scale reaching to the settlement or neighborhood scale including streets and outdoor spaces (Rapoport, 1990).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Most of the research previously mentioned in this study concerning spatial patterns and social structures is mostly conducted on the urban scale. Few of these studies were conducted on how dwellings embody and express socio-cultural conditions in their spatial configurations. An example of this is the empirical research on the significant relation between spatial and social structures (Hanson, Hillier, Rosenberg, & Graham, 1998). In this research, patterns of space were studied and how they are governed by certain conventions or ‘rules’ to reveal the essence of the house. Much fewer works were related to the context of the contemporary Arab built environments. The analysis of domestic space organization can provide the link between design of dwellings and its social consequences.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The relation between traditional rules based on Islamic law and Complexity Theory studied and demonstrated in this dissertation can open up a new area of research to be explored at the domestic scale of the spatial organization of traditional houses. This kind of relation may be valuable to reveal the factors behind the resilience of these houses over a long period of time and through various stages of use and diverse spectrum of users.</span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></td><td style="border-bottom: solid #000000 0px; border-left: solid #000000 0px; border-right: solid #000000 0px; border-top: solid #000000 0px; padding: 7px 7px 7px 7px; vertical-align: top;"><h2 dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 21.333333333333332px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">امكانيات مستقبلية</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">فيما يلي بعض الاتجاهات التي من الممكن استكشافها ودراستها مسقبلا وخصوصا في السياقات المحلية للشرق الاوسط.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #434343; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18.666666666666664px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ما بين المستوطنات التقليدية وغير الرسمية</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">هناك ادعاء ان المستوطنات التقليدية وغير الرسمية تشترك في العديد من الاوجه والتي من الممكن استكشافها من فهم تلك البيئات المبنية. فيما يلي سوف يتم مناقشة بعض من تلك الاوجه بشكل مختصر.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التنظيم الذاتي في المستوطنات التلقائية</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> المستوطنات التلقائية في الدول النامية غالباً ما تتم الاشارة اليها على انها على هامش او غير رسمية، تمثل الجزء الاكبر من النمو الحضري في تلك المدن.تشير باروس وسوبريرا في بحثهما تحت عنوان مدينة العشوائيات، من الممكن ان تعتبر تلك المستوطنات كمنظومات فرعية مركبة ضمن نظام عمراني مركب أكبر. توضح الباحثتان الدور الذي التنظيم الذاتي في المستوطنات التلقائية في الديناميكيات السياسية الاجتماعية في مدن العالم الثالث.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">غالبا ما تتم دراسة مدن مثل القاهرة وساو باولو ومدن اخرى في العالم النامي على انها كيانات فوضوية لايمكن السيطرة عليها وذلك بسبب انتشار المستوطنات التلقائية. تلك المستوطنات والتي ينظر اليها على انها جيوب لعدم الاستقرار قد تكون حيوية للاستقرار الشامل لمنظومة المدينة حيث تمتص كل الاضطرابات الاجتماعية المتجسدة في مشاكل السكن. ذلك الادعاء الذي ذكرته الباحثتين استناداً الى ابحاث بورتوجالي، دعمه تيرنر عندما وضح في كتابه السكن بايدي الناس، ان المستوطنات التلقائية قد تكون بديلاً لمشكلة السكن التي تعاني منها الدول النامية. ويمكن ان نبرهن على ذلك من خلال فكرة التنظيم الذاتي في المستوطنات التلقائية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التلقائية ومدينة المستقبل</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يقدم روبرت نيوريث فكرة مثيرة للتفكير في كتابه المسمى مدن الظل ألا وهي ان المستوطنات التلقائية غير الرسمية في العديد من الدول قد تطورت بطريقة شبيهة للمدن التقليدية. وتسري نفس الملاحظة بالنسبة لمدن القاهرة والمناطق غير الرسمية حولها. ويظهر ذلك من خلال ملاحظة ديفد سيمز في كتابه "فهم القاهرة".</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">فبالنظر للصورة أعلاه حيث النسيج العمراني للامتدادات غير الرسمية على اراضي الصحراء نلاحظ كيف ان شبكة الشوارع وتقسيمات الاراضي نشأت بتلقائية من خلال عمليات التفاوض بين السكان و حركة سوق الاراضي غير الرسمية حيث الحاجة المشتركة لسهولة الوصول والتحرك تجعل من الحي المحلي نسق مشابه لنسيج المدينة التقليدية. يرى سيمز ان العمليات غير الرسمية هي عمليات مستقلة بذاتها حيث تعتمد على التفاعلات الشخصية بالاساس. بحسب سيمز، التطور العمراني غير الرسمي يجب ان ينظر اليه على انه الاعتيادي، الشكل الجديد للعمران طالما الذين يهاجرون من الريف الى المدينة لازالوا لا يجدون سكناً.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">وفي هذا السياق يعود نيوريث فيقدم لنا فكرة اخرى مثيرة للجدل، ان من يطلق عليهم الآن واضعي اليد وطريقة عمارتهم للارض قد تمثل حلاً لمستقبل المدينة حيث اثبتوا شديدي الكفاءة في عمليات استصلاح الراضي وعمارتها. ان قصص كفاحهم ونجاحهم تجعلنا نعيد النظر في فكرة الارض وقيمتها بعيدا عن قيم البيع والشراء فقط.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تشفير واعادة فك شفرة منظومة القواعد</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">يرى هولاند انه من اجل ان نفهم التفاعلات بين العناصر القاعلة المختلفة يجب علينا اولاً ان نتعرف على امكانيات كل عنصر على حدة وقد يتم ذلك بشكل تجريبي اذا ما درسنا سلوك العناصر في صورة مجموعة من القواعد على هيئة اذا-اذن. فيما يخص البيئة المبنية التقليدية، يمكن تطبيق تلك الفكرة اذا ما تم فك شفرة منظومة القواعد التقليدية من البيئة المبنية واعادة تشفيرها في صورة اذا-اذن والتي يمكن حوسبتها.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">الحوكمة والمنظومات المركبة القادرة على التكيف</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<div dir="rtl" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">كما اشرنا من قبل، فان انساق من مستوى اعلى تنشأ من خلال تفاعلات موازية مركبة بين العناصر المحلية. كما تم الاشارة الى ان المنظومات النشوئية هي منظومات تحكمها قواعد وان قدرتها على التعلم والنمو ,والتجريب تعتمد على قواعد محلية غير مركزية. من اجل ان نفهم فكرة النشوء في المنظومات المركبة القادرة على التكيف يجب ان نعترف بامكانية تلك المنظومات على ان تحكم نفسها والتعلم والبناء على خبرتها وبالتالي الاستغناء عن فكرة السيطرة من اعلى. تطبيق هذا الاطار الفكري على حالات دراسية من المناطق العشوائية المحيطة بالقاهرة قد يظهر العديد من الابتكارات فيما يخص مجال الحوكمة. لذلك فان منظور المنظومات المركبة القادرة على التكيف قد يكون ذو قيمة لتحسين ردودية البيئية المبنية عن طريق الحوكمة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ان منظور المنظومات المركبة القادرة على التكيف قد يسبب نقلة فكرية في دراسة الحوكمة من محاولة التحكم في التغيير عن طريق انظمة سياسية اجتماعية جامدة الى العمل على زيادة مقدرة المنظومات الاجتماعية البيئية ان تتعلم وتشكل التغيير وتحويله في اتجاهات اكثر ملائمة. تمثل ادارة الموارد بشكل قادر على التاقلم تحدي للحكومات المعاصرة بكل بيروقراطيتها والاجراءات القانونية المطولة بالاضافة الى الطبيعة الاعتباطية في اتخاذ القرارات.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">تتضمن الطرق الاعتيادية للحوكمة تراتبا هرميا من اعلى الى اسفل تحت سيطرة مركزية. في المقابل تتميز المنظومات المركبة القادرة على التكيف بتجمعات شبه مستقلة تترابط في شبكات مفتوحة تحت سيطرة سلطات موزعة مشتركة. طرق الحوكمة مع مشاكل معرفة وواضحة اما المنظومات المركبة القادرة على التكيف فلها اهداف متعددة ومتغيرة. التخطيط في تنظمة الحوكمة الاعتيادية خطي وحيثيات نجاحها هي تحقيق اهداف التي وضعت من اجلها السياسات فقط ولكن التخطيط في المنظومات المركبة القادرة على التكيف غير خطي وحيثيات نجاحه هي تحقيق الفاعلية الجمعية لجميع العناصر. على المدى الطويل فان استراتيجيات الحوكمة لتحقيق الردودية قد تتطلب المزج بين التوجهين بحسب السياق هيث قد تكون نماذج الحوكمة الناشئة والتي تعتمد على التنظيم الذاتي اكثر ملائمة لتحقيق ادارة للموارد العمرانية قادرة على التكيف وتحسين ردودية البنية المبنية اكثر من الانظمة الحالية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">منظومة القواعد التقليدية في السياق السكني</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> يتم التعبير عن الانساق الاجتماعية المشتركة والخيارات الثقافية في المسكن وتنظيم فراغاته مما يجعله نتاج الهوية الجمعية. ان التعامل مع العلاقات الاجتماعية والمجالات الفراغية يجعل من الصعب دراسة المسكن بمعزل عن المستوطنة او المدينة التي يوجد بها. هناك حاجة لدراسة المسكن كجزء من منظومة اجتماعية ثقافية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">بالرغم من ان المسكن صغير على القياس المادي وذو طبيعة منزلية الا انه يعتبر من اكثر المباني تركيباً. من غير الممكن دراسة المسكن بشكل اكثر فاعلية الا كجزء من منظومة من الاعدادات التي تحدث من خلالها منظومة من النشاطات مما يحتم ضرورة استكشاف الطبيعة المفتوحة وردودية الاسكان بداية من مستوى المسكن وصولاً الى مستوى المستوطنة مروراً بمستوى المجاورة متضمناً الشوارع والمساحات المفتوحة.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">اغلب الدراسات التي ذكرت في البحث الذي بين ايدينا فيما يخص الانساق الفراغية والبنى الاجتماعية تم اجرائها على المستوى العمراني. والقليل فقط منها التي ركزت على ما يتضمنه المسكن وما يعبر عنه من خلال ترتيبه الفراغي من حالة اجتماعية ثقافية. مثال على ذلك البحث الامبريقي عن العلاقة الوثيقة بين البنى الفراغية والاجتماعية والذي قام به هانسون وهيلير وآخرون. في هذا البحث تم دراسة الانساق الفراغية وكيف حكمتها مجموعة من القواعد والتي تكشف عن جوهر البيت. كما ان هناك عدد اقل من الدراسات تعلقت بسياق البيئة العربية المعاصرة. ان تحليل تنظيم الفراغ السكني من الممكن ان يظهر لنا العلاقة بين تصميم المسكن وعواقبه الجتماعية.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ان علاقة منظومة القواعد التقليدية بنظرية التعقد والتي تم دراستها في هذا البحث من الممكن ان تفتح مساحات اخرى للبحث حول التنظيم الفراغي للمسكن التقليدي. تلك العلاقة قد تكون من القيمة بحيث تكشف عن العوامل وراء ردودية تلك المساكن على مدار الزمن ومروراً بالعديد من اطوار ومراحل الاستخدام وطيف واسع من المستخدمين.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bibliography</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Adger, W. N., Kelly, P. M., & Ninh, N. H. (2001). Living with environmental change: social vulnerability, adaptation and Resilience in Vietnam (Global Environmental Change). 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Retrieved 4 10, 2011, from www.guardian.co.uk: http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2004/sep/09/research.highereducation1/print</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ball, P. (2012). Philip Ball - Science writer. 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Nexus Network Journal, 11(2), 217-242.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Benenson, I., & Torrens, P. M. (2004). Geosimulation: Automata-Based Modeling of Urban Phenomena. 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Traditional dwellings and settlements working paper series, 35-51.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Byrne, D. (2008). Complexity Theory and the Social Sciences: An Introduction. London: Routledge.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">C.S.Holing. (1973). Resilience and Stability of Ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1-23.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Castellani, B. (2009, February 18). New map of complexity science. Retrieved August 18, 2012, from Sociologic and Complexity Science blog: http://www.art-sciencefactory.com/complexity-map_feb09.html</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chu, D. (2011). Complexity: against systems. 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American Scientist(36), 536-544.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Williams, M. (2000). Science and Social Science: An Introduction. London: Routledge.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yale University Library. (2010). Warren Weaver. Retrieved November 3, 2012, from http://yufind.library.yale.edu/yufind/Author/Home?author=Weaver%2C%20Warren%2C%201894-1978.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Zywick, T. J. (1998). Epstein and Polanyi on Simple Rules, Complex Systems, and Decentralization. Constitutional Political Economy, 143–150.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">المراجع العربية</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">التويجري, م. ب. (2009). موسوعة الفقه الإسلامي. عَمان: بيت الأفكار الدولية.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">زرواق, ن. (2009). مقاصد الشريعة في فكر الإمام سيد قطب. القاهرة: دار السلام.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 14.666666666666666px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span></span></div>
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DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-76466536048860163812015-11-24T05:59:00.004-08:002015-11-28T09:18:03.936-08:00From Bab al Bahr to Maspero<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHICL0LEf-xIyMFWwn-WtgEgSwkh-uhGd903-Yuc9RvhbtjBFnYYGi3SJ50yJwMZ-g0wOFAcjmt6y-Eh2OnDkaw_GnZQarifQP81-aITPEtccNnqiNmeeVYAD2HYc2edCJUKi9PEtJ8p0/s1600/SAM_0205-cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHICL0LEf-xIyMFWwn-WtgEgSwkh-uhGd903-Yuc9RvhbtjBFnYYGi3SJ50yJwMZ-g0wOFAcjmt6y-Eh2OnDkaw_GnZQarifQP81-aITPEtccNnqiNmeeVYAD2HYc2edCJUKi9PEtJ8p0/s320/SAM_0205-cropped.jpg" width="290" /></a><a href="http://www.systematica.net/?portfolio=bab-al-bahr-development"><img border="0" src="http://www.systematica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/2009_bab-al-bahr.jpg" height="318" width="320" /></a>,</div>
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While working on a paper on the emerging movements of urban activism and protest against neoliberal urban development strategies in Egypt, I came by a paper titled <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19436149.2013.814945">Contextualizing the Arab Revolts: The Politics behind Three Decades of Neoliberalism in the Arab World</a> by <a href="http://www.menarg.ugent.be/staff/koenraad-bogaert">Koenraad Bogaert</a> where he discussing that "neoliberal reform and economic restructuring since the 1980s in the Arab region was masked by the language of free market but in reality signified new forms of patronage, accumulation and exploitation in which the state apparatus changed its modes of intervention but still played a crucial role" and that "The role of the state was now to control the economy more indirectly through specific forms of market de- and re-regulation, the redistribution of resources among domestic and foreign economic elites". He sees that "The result has been a changing<br />
role of the state and a far-reaching process of state reformation. Authority was not necessarily slipping away from the traditional power center, but state power was rather subjected to constant renegotiation and displacement by the particular actors drawn within reach who form particular ‘assemblages of power.’ This is manifested within cities, as he gives an example, in urban entrepreneurialism which "can give rise to such assemblages of power, which then radically impact upon the design of the city and the social life within its space".<br />
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He gives a real example for the above argument with <a href="http://rabatinvest.ma/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=227&Itemid=257&lang=en">the Bouregreg project</a> in Rabat, the capital of Morocco, which he sees that "a space where such an assemblage unfolds". He goes on to describe that "this large-scale development project within the river valley of the Bouregreg is placed under the exclusive authority of a newly established governmental agency:<a href="http://www.bouregreg.com/tiki-index.php"> the Agency for the Development of the Bouregreg Valley</a>. Within this agency, authority is shared and negotiated between state-agents and private investors, external consultants, architects and urban designers." He explains that "the design of this new urban landscape foremost is determined by private capital and worked out by prestigious architectural firms like <a href="http://www.systematica.net/?portfolio=bab-al-bahr-development">the UK-based Foster and Partners (consultants in the Bouregreg project)</a>" (a picture of their proposal is above right). Ironically, Foster and partners just <a href="http://www.fosterandpartners.com/news/archive/2015/11/foster-partners-wins-maspero-triangle-district-masterplan-design-competition/">won a second prize in the international competition for the development of Maspero triangle</a> which sits on the river Nile in Cairo the capital of Egypt. (a picture of their proposal is above left)<br />
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<br />ِAccording to Bogaert, <a href="http://www.almaabar.com/">Al Maabar </a>is another partner in the Bouregreg project that Bogaert thinks that their "private interests do not necessarily correspond to the public interest." This can be clearly seen in an announcement about the development where it is titled as <a href="http://www.thenational.ae/business/property/al-maabar-turns-rabats-waste-dump-into-prime-property#full">"Al Maabar turns Rabat's waste dump into prime property"</a>!<br /><br /><div>
This comes to confirm what Asef Bayat and Kees Biekart in in their article titled <a href="http://tr6rt9pf7u.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/summon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cities+of+Extremes&rft.jtitle=Development+and+Change&rft.au=Bayat%2C+Asef&rft.au=Biekart%2C+Kees&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft.pub=Wiley+Subscription+Services%2C+Inc&rft.issn=0012-155X&rft.eissn=1467-7660&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=815&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7660.2009.01584.x&rft.externalDBID=BSHEE&rft.externalDocID=215477056&paramdict=en-US">Cities of Extremes</a> where they point out that, ‘many of the agents of change (such as global capital) are not even residents of these cities.’<br />
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As Bogaert elaborates on the relation between state and private investors, he sees that "while a project such as the Bouregreg Valley still may be largely state-controlled, the detachment and the displacement of decision-making powers open up new space for negotiation. Private investors, for example, have their own interests and the Bouregreg project would not be possible without their involvement. Both foreign capital coming from Abu Dhabi (via the company Al Maabar) and the Bouregreg state agency are conjoined on a 50–50 basis in the Bab al Bahr Development Company. This joint venture is responsible for the coordination and development of the first stage of the Bouregreg project. It has become a space where state power is (re-) negotiated between domestic and foreign elites. These new assemblages of power somehow are de-centered,<br />
but at the same time not disconnected, from the regulatory scope of national state institutions and the institutional hierarchy within the general state apparatus." With all the gulf states funds pouring in Egypt, I wonder if Maspero's triangle development will take a similar path.</div>
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Bogaert mentions that "the ‘hopping’ of capital between ‘separately administered enclaves’ leads to situations in which some people are exploited, others ignored or even dispelled, and again others able to enrich themselves with state support." He sees that the Bouregreg Valley in Rabat is such an enclave. I can clearly see that the Maspero triangle,giving the situation of its current residents, may easily turn into such an enclave too!</div>
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In the end of my <a href="http://cairobserver.com/post/133235472724/the-maspero-competition-entries-a-reflection#.VlRs3UZ96VM">my reflection </a>on the results of the international Maspero competition, I wondered if there can be a sort of cooperation in the near future between the stakeholders in the triangle, mainly composed of the residents and investors, that can take matters into hand to proceed with the development process. Now I wonder again if such a cooperation could turn into what Bogaert further elaborates on saying that "the development of the Bouregreg Valley is a salient example of how cities are redesigned to the desires of property owners, landlords, developers and finance capitalists by transferring particular political powers and competences into a new state agency (the Bouregreg agency) which controls the development process."</div>
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DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-213466078848349112015-11-17T10:39:00.002-08:002015-11-17T10:41:23.122-08:00The fate of million housing units projects! مصير المليون وحدة سكنية!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="https://twitter.com/EIPR/status/542682246583689216"><img border="0" src="http://i.imgur.com/j9q9Ac0.jpg" height="640" width="371" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://twitter.com/EIPR/status/542682246583689216"><span style="color: black;"> An Inforgraphic by EIPR about Social Housing Project in Egypt during four ruling periodsبالأرقام قصة المليون_وحدة عبر أربع فترات من الحكم مصر الإسكان_الاجتماعي </span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Recently I have been
a part of a </span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><a href="https://www.hkw.de/en/programm/projekte/2015/wohnungsfrage/academy/the_housing_system.php">Wohnungsfrage Academy: </a></span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><a href="https://www.hkw.de/en/programm/projekte/2015/wohnungsfrage/academy/the_housing_system.php">The Housing System</a></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> organized and hosted by the </span><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><a href="https://www.hkw.de/en/hkw/ueberuns/Ueber_uns.php">The Haus der Kulturen der Welt (</a></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://www.hkw.de/en/hkw/ueberuns/Ueber_uns.php">HKW)</a> </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">in Berlin. During
one of the public lectures that followed the daily academy activities one was
presented by </span><a href="https://www.isak.liu.se/temaq/medarbetare/presentation-thordis-arrhenius-sve?l=en&sc=true" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt;">Thordis
Arrhenius</a><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"> she spoke about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Programme">The Million Programme</a> (Swedish: Miljonprogrammet)
which is the common name for an ambitious public housing programme implemented
in Sweden between 1965 and 1974 by the governing Swedish Social Democratic
Party to make sure everyone could have a home at a reasonable price. The aim
was to construct a million new dwellings during the programme's ten-year
period.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.newgeography.com/users/cpzilliacus">C. P. Zilliacus</a> tells us the <a href="http://www.newgeography.com/content/003811-a-million-new-housing-units-the-limits-good-intentions">story </a>of this <span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">ambitious
program. It was approved by Sweden’s Parliament in 1965 to remedy what was then
considered an acute shortage of housing. </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Planners
and architects felt that in order to achieve the desired suburban “new town”
environment, development and densities were to be as concentrated as possible,
and all units were to be within 500 meters of the transit station. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Tensta_2009d.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Tensta_2009d.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Tensta housing photo by Wikimedia Commons user Holger.Ellgaard.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Zilliacus tells us that the first new homes
in Tensta were delivered to their initial residents in 1967, only two years
after the program was approved. but the subway line, so important to the design
and development of these communities, was not to be opened to traffic until 1975.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div>
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In a 2009 and after almost 42 years, Sweden’s
Minister of Integration, Nyamko Sabuni charged that some of the Million
Programme complexes led to “exclusion” of their residents and since many of
them are badly in need of thorough renovation, some should be torn down
instead. Indeed some of these complexes have met their demise with the use of a
wrecking ball.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Zilliacus sees that the aftermath
of Million Programme demonstrates the inability of elected officials and the
planners and architects on their staffs to anticipate the future needs and even
the demographic makeup of their constituent populations, even in a democratic nation
such as Sweden. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Although the subway
system was an integral part in the development of the million
programme, it has not prevented the isolation and economic disadvantage
that the minorities living along the line have always experienced. </span></div>
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This story reminded me of
our famous million programme that was announced by <span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">General Abdul-Fattah el-Sisi, </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">before resigning as
Egypt’s minister of defense and pursuing his campaign for the presidency, were he announced an agreement with the UAE construction
firm Arabtec to build a million affordable homes for “Egyptian youth.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><br /></span></div>
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Maria Golia<span style="font-family: "calibri";"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <a href="http://www.mei.edu/content/article/egypt%E2%80%99s-need-low-income-housing">reminds us</a> that this was
not the first time for this project to be announced </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">The Social Housing
Project (SHP), initiated in 2011 by then Minister of Housing Mohamed Fathy
el-Baradei, promised a million units for low income households. He also <a href="http://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/143186">confirmed that the ministry is responsible to deliver this project within five years</a>!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></div>
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Our 'ambitious' million programme seems to be similar to the <span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Swedish Miljonprogrammet except for </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">just few
differences. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">First, it is not
yet built although almost 4 years passed since it was announced. As the
infographic shows, since 2011 till 2015
only 57 unit were really delivered! </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Second, most of
these units are far away in the desert with no connection whatsoever the city
centers they are near to, except for informal transportation! </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Last but not least, these new
housing complexes are intended from the start to house the marginalized sector
of the community relocated from the high economic value city core.</span></div>
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So I wonder what will be the fate of our million programme?!</div>
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Maybe the answer came sooner than we all expected!</div>
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DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-42554795213865242252015-11-14T02:48:00.000-08:002015-11-14T02:48:23.889-08:00Mapping Parallel University scene in Egypt<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2o0YckuQjn4Zq4A1vn4V8x3R6uOYA6wl8M0qXtJxXbNd7GhaYYqwuVjpGN5kQE3JHFdm0axWAWS4IJlSiLFsjajS2qbh2ef7hgCsuyC7CQRkfXbAovG3HItUh3_s9VjMsmnXPlN5hHgk/s1600/Alt_Uni_model_map3%252Blegend.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2o0YckuQjn4Zq4A1vn4V8x3R6uOYA6wl8M0qXtJxXbNd7GhaYYqwuVjpGN5kQE3JHFdm0axWAWS4IJlSiLFsjajS2qbh2ef7hgCsuyC7CQRkfXbAovG3HItUh3_s9VjMsmnXPlN5hHgk/s640/Alt_Uni_model_map3%252Blegend.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Alternative Models of University Education in Egypt symposium was a three day panel and networking event that brings together Egyptian models of alternative education with international counterparts in a critical dialogue that aims to unpack the reasons and ramifications of these practices.</div>
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The symposium was part of Adad program. Adad is a program initiated by <a href="http://www.thetownhousegallery.com/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Townhouse </a>in collaboration with <a href="http://megawra.com/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Megawra</a>, <a href="http://www.madamasr.com/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mada Masr</a>, 100 Copies and <a href="http://cimatheque.org/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Cimatheque</a>. Starting April 2014, and for a period of six months, the five cultural institutions will jointly curate a weeklong program during the last week of every month in Townhouse’s <a href="http://www.thetownhousegallery.com/rawabet/aboutrawabet" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rawabet theatre</a>. </div>
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The event attempted to look critically at the current experiments with alternative models of education in the fields of architecture and urbanism, art, humanities, social sciences and development. It intended to address the reasons behind the move towards alternative education, interrogate what initiators and participants want to learn – and unlearn – through their involvement in these initiatives and discuss the ramifications of this trend for mainstream university education. </div>
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From my involvement in the symposium as a general repondant and a mapper I’ll try in the following to highlight the important themes across these different fields mentioned earlier that evolved from the three days discussions in attempt to open new horizons for the integration of both the parallel and institutional streams of university education. </div>
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In the first day Ahmed Zaazaa and Amr Helmy (Alternative Development Lab) have discussed the same theme of Development raised by Karim Goessinger and Raju Hittalamani (<a href="http://www.ci-las.org/cilas.html" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">CILAS</a>). Both entities have discussed research in the field of development as an important field for the parallel university models to work on.</div>
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Karim Goessinger has presented CILAS as a multi disciplinary research institute involved mainly in the field of Philosophy and Humanities in general. It is also involved in the field of Political Sciences which was presented as a main field of the Faculty of Economics and Political Science <a href="http://www.feps.edu.eg/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">FEPS</a>), Cairo University. This intersection of fields wasn’t explored enough in this session. There is still the need to explore what CILAS is offering that students in FEPS, Cairo University can make use of and vise versa. Another entity who is involved in political science is <a href="http://sandberg.nl/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Sandberg Institute</a>. what is significant about this entity that it is the only institute that was related to the design profession and tried to incorporate it with political sciences among many of the fields they are working on such as behaviour studies and everyday life.</div>
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Sandberg institute has raised some issues that resonated with other issues raised during the sessions such as the ownership of the knowledge which resonated in the theme mentioned by <a href="http://www.campusincamps.ps/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Campus in Camps</a> in other terms as the occupation of knowledge. Jurgen Bey the principle of the institute also mentioned the power of design which can be easily compared to the power of the State especially in the case of our country.</div>
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In two different sessions, CILAS as well as Anneka Lenssen from the Visual Arts Department in the American University in Cairo have raised the issues of autonomy of the university and its accessibility for all. Accessibility has been echoed in another session by Jurgen Bey has also mentioned the importance of openness in the university</div>
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Alternative Development Lab shared the same interest in the production of theory with FEPS, Cairo University. But they also mentioned that this needs to be done in balance with the emphasis on the practice side which was the and important potential for <a href="http://www.iusd.uni-stuttgart.de/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">IUSD, Ain Shams University</a> as well as <a href="http://www.aucegypt.edu/sse/ceng/pages/default.aspx" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Department of Architecture in the American University in Cairo</a> which took the accreditation as the main way to improve the practice potential of its students.</div>
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Participation, whether between students and tutors, State and University or between different fields of knowledge was an important theme raised by <a href="https://www.facebook.com/educationsqu" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Education Sqaure</a>, Alternative Development Lab and Faculty of Art Education- Helwan University. I may add to this, participation between parallel and institutional streams of education.</div>
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The need of integration of various fields of knowledge has also been stressed by Education Square as well as by alternative development lab. Surprisingly, it was also raised by Faculty of Art Education, Helwan University. This raises the question of how capable are out governmental universities of integrating various disciplines crossing over inside politics between departments.</div>
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Mapping rises as an important tool as it was mentioned by more than one entity in different sessions. it was mentioned by Education Square as their main tool to integrate various parallel education initiatives. The <a href="http://catalog.aucegypt.edu/preview_entity.php?catoid=4&ent_oid=89&returnto=58" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">department of visual arts in the AUC</a> also uses mind-mapping techniques to trigger critical thinking potentials of the students.</div>
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The setting was an essential theme stressed by more than one entity on various occasion during the discussion sessions. There were some attempts to improve the setting where the teaching took place varied from moving to the traditional city in the case of CILAS to the attempt to break free from the campus walls in the case of the department of visual arts in the AUC. Sandberg institute also has an important reliability on working on a setting that is not abided by the lecture and audience format. they have worked in old factories and outdoor areas to improve the setting to generate creative ideas. </div>
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Farida Makar (Independent researcher & CILAS fellow) highlighted the issue of uncertainty in the realm of research in general and the inside universities in particular. Farida Makar ( Independent researcher and CILAS fellow) highlighted about the problems that the security situation and State of emergency in Egypt cause for researchers and how the State interfere in the universities affairs with the claim these security provisions. although in a diffrent context, this isn't far from the what Isshaq al Barbary from Campus in Camps has also discussed the impact of security issues related to the occupation of Palestine by the Israelis and how it impacts their activities. </div>
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Campus in camps tackled the issue of language and its impact on the university itself. The difference between the word <i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">algame3a </i>(the collective) with it the meaning it carries and implies vs. the word university in English. They mentioned that the have worked in a <a href="http://www.campusincamps.ps/en" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">collective urban dictionary</a>. Here is a potential if developing this into a lexicon.</div>
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During one of the sessions in the third day, a video edited by Magdi Mostafa was shown where some of the students were interviewed about their conditions in the university. Most of their answers revolved around the urge that most of the professors to erase their character and impose a certain one on them. They mentioned that it is not accepted or encouraged to freely express their diverse identities within the the university campus and how this eventually negatively affects their sense of belonging not only to the university but to the whole country. Nevertheless that this condition limits their creativity and desire to learn especially from a Tutor that doesn't accept the person you are as is. This situation resulted in the absence of a healthy relationship between tutors and students.</div>
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One of the most crucial problems that were mentioned during different sessions were the issue of educational policies and legislations. Karim Goessinger from CILAS questioned if they were after considered legal by the State and reflects this point of view on the whole parallel education stream. On the other side, policies can be a potential rather than a problem as Mohamed Salheen from IUSD, Ain Shams University stated that their work on urban governance can have an impact in the long on the State policies towards urban management of the city.</div>
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One of the key issues that emerged in more than one panel was the social role towards the community. This was brought up on different scales. Anneka presented their efforts the department of visual arts in the AUC to develop the sense of responsibility in the students and that visual arts are not just art for art sake but have an important social role. Karim Goessinger also presented how CILAS fellow try to develop the sense of if social responsibility throughout the curriculum. Mohamed Salheen from IUSD, Ain Shams University goes further to show that they follow a community based method of education in the program. Moreover, Karim ibrahim from <a href="http://www.tadamun.info/?lang=en" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Tadamun </a>initiative states that the whole field and discipline of architecture and urbanism has an important social role to play in the life of the society. In this context we need to stress that on a broader view the university itself need to acknowledge its social role and work on ways to carry it out effectively.</div>
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From a technical point of view, Anneka Lenssen from the department of visual arts in the well as Saria Sedky from the faculty of Art Education, Helwan university, they both showed how can integrating the latest technologies in the educational process can have an impact not only on the craftsmanship of the students but also has the potential of developing an industry such as film, music. </div>
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The event tried to put a number of what-if questions on the table; what if the State’s paranoia towards university students peaks to the point where universities are outlawed? What if the educational market-based model is embraced to the point where art and humanities are deemed redundant? What if the neo-liberal trend towards absolving the State of its responsibility for higher education reaches a point where getting an education – or not - is the responsibility of the individual? What if alternative models in their rejection of the tyranny of knowledge and the hierarchy of structured education destructure to the point of oblivion? What if internet-based knowledge renders universities obsolete? What if internet-based knowledge implodes from within through information glut?</div>
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Still one of the main criticism of the institutional university education is that it obscures the flow of knowledge. the classical classification of fields of knowledge as separate disciplines reduces all the interrelated connections between these fields. in this context the significance of this mapping exercise as it not only attempts to draw the network between the participating entities, demonstrating what fields of knowledge it can contribute to or even highlighting the potential for further integration and cooperation between these initiatives. the real significance of this mapping is the exploring the potential of rearranging the knowledge map itself which can result in generating new curriculums crossing the boundaries between disciplines and entities.</div>
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An interactive version of this network can be accessed through this link</div>
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<a href="https://www.nodexlgraphgallery.org/Pages/Graph.aspx?graphID=32217" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">https://www.nodexlgraphgallery.org/Pages/Graph.aspx?graphID=32217</a></div>
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Sources:</div>
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<a href="http://www.thetownhousegallery.com/EventsPrograms/Past/AlternativeEducationSymposium" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.thetownhousegallery.com/EventsPrograms/Past/AlternativeEducationSymposium</a></div>
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The Arabic version of this article is published in the fifth issue of <a href="http://cairobserver.com/post/130651747599/cairobserver-university-issue-launch-18-october#.VkcPc-h96VM" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(26, 26, 26, 0.298039); background-image: linear-gradient(rgba(68, 68, 68, 0) 50%, rgba(68, 68, 68, 0.247059) 50%); background-position: 0px 1.15em; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-size: 1em 2px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0.15em; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Cairobserver </a>titled University</div>
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DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-32497582325317262342015-04-23T08:32:00.000-07:002015-04-23T08:32:52.441-07:00Architecture as counter hegemonic practice: Political Theory and Architecture in Conversation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
By Aya Nassar<br />
<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">Academics
and theoreticians in both fields of architecture as well as politics might have
been in a continuous struggle with whether or not architecture and politics are
related, and if so what would this entail (though it has to be said some do
this more and/or better than others). What does a political architecture mean?
What kind of architecture for what kind of politics? Is politicization a
perversion of the architectural profession? These and more questions were posed
in the December </span><a href="http://thearchitectureexchange.com/s2_howisarchitecturepolitical_mouffe/"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">Architectural Exchange</span></a><span style="font-family: Baskerville;"> held by the AA school of Architecture. The
Architecture Exchange is one of the platforms where intellectual conversation
can happen between architecture and other fields. This time the exchange
brought four architectural figures to answer the question “How is architecture
political. The discussion was in engagement with political theorist </span><a href="http://www.westminster.ac.uk/?a=6148"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">Chantal
Mouffe</span></a><span style="font-family: Baskerville;"> and her work. As the
organizers noted: political theory has always thought in spatial terms, and
architecture has always thought in political terms, which indicates that the
two fields have always been thinking of each other. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">“<i>While consensus is necessary, it must be accompanied by dissent</i>” </span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: large;">Mouffe</span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">Chantal
Mouffe’s work is among the most influential in contemporary political theory. She
is best known for her work with Ernesto Laclau on </span><a href="https://d.docs.live.net/a6922c6ae616a1fd/Documents/Articles/ww.versobooks.com/books/1557-hegemony-and-socialist-strategy"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">Hegemony</span></a><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">: the practice of establishing
order, which is temporary, precarious articulation and always contingent and
most importantly should not be understood as outside power relations. She also
has her position in some of the most fundamental discussions in political
theory, nothing less than the meaning of the political itself, and the nature
of the public sphere. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">Her position stems from an argument for the
necessity of antagonism in democratic politics as an alternative for much of
political theory’s emphasis on consensus. For her, in democratic societies
conflict cannot and will not be eradicated, and the aim of democratic
institutions should not be to eradicate or solve antagonism, but to transform
these antagonisms (struggles between enemies) into “agonism” (struggle between
adversaries). Thus, her work on public sphere distances itself from the more
common associational version of understanding politics, which emphasizes
harmony and believes in the possibility of political consensus. This emphasis
on generating consensus at the center generates a post-political condition,
that is, creates a condition where contesting the hegemonic order becomes
increasingly difficult. Therefore, she places herself in the dissociative
approach, one that sees that antagonism and conflict as irreducible, but that
in the same time doesn’t negate the possibility of plural, democratic politics.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: large;">The
four presentations were primarily an architectural engagement with Mouffe’s understanding
of “the political”; nevertheless other imaginations of the political were also present.
“The political” is the ontological category, which defines and is constantly
redefined by political theory, and therefore any serious conversation with the
discipline is bound to find itself in processes of politicizing what is generally
undertsood as apolitical, and/or depoliticize what is political.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">For example, </span><a href="http://www.arch.columbia.edu/about/people/rm454columbiaedu"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">Reinhold Martin</span></a><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">’s presentation, aimed to achieve two steps,
the first is to identify the contemporary hegemonic order, and the second to
present a trajectory of the meaning of public space. The first task is in
alignment with Mouffe’s terms, but the second depended on Arendt’s definition
of the political. Arendt makes a necessary opposition between the <i>Polis</i>/the
political and the Oikus (housekeeping)/the social. Her definition is the
paradigmatic ideal of political space, as the Agora, as a space of appearance
of plurality. Politics is threatened when the <i>polis </i>is managed as an
Oikus/household, which has classically been the space for production and
governed despotically. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">Martin’s
aim is to understand the hegemonic aspects of the modern <i>polis</i>, where politics
is located in the spaces of production (Marx), and where the public space
disperses as the city becomes a “</span><a href="http://www.polity.co.uk/book.asp?ref=9780745635132"><i><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">factory without walls</span></i></a><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">” with the abolishment of divisions between
work, leisure and home (Negri). It is
nevertheless exactly locating the </span><i style="font-family: Baskerville;">polis </i><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">in housekeeping that Martin invites us
to interrogate further. Housing is the privileged site where architects go to
feel politically responsible, and it is also where the state mitigates and
brings together different agents in the interest of capital. But more than
that, he points out to the inherently political character of the house itself, the space in which </span><i style="font-family: Baskerville;">agon </i><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">repeats daily, and where the struggle for the </span><i style="font-family: Baskerville;">polis </i><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">is
waged.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.thecass.com/people/w/ines-weizman"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">Ines Weizman</span></a><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">
chose to narrow the political into acts of dissidence in the former Soviet Union.
Specifically acts of antagonism on part of the architects who without a shared
ideology or party try to contest the way subjects are governed without seeking
to capture power or assume a final moment of liberation. This raised the
question of which political theory for which politics, since Chantal Mouffe saw
her work only applicable to plural democratic politics that risk the death of
politics through too much consensus on the center, while for her, struggles in
the former USSR, or in Egypt (2011) were a totally different kind of politics.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">Weizman’s lecture was also about imagination
of autonomous space. She brought examples of architectural competition entries
in formal exhibition, architectural proposals, for example Mikhail Flippov’s
watercolor renderings in proposal to reconstruct the church of Christ the
Savior in Moscow, (which can be found </span><a href="http://wim101.blogspot.co.uk/2011/08/architecture-paintings-by-mikhail.html"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">here</span></a><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">
along with some other of his paintings), and underground installations that had
no formal records. These served to show how dissidents imagined space in
reaction to the spatial and temporal disruption of Moscow as a historical city.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: large;">In Weizman’s lecture, the question moved
further to become about the agency of the architect to act politically rather
than about architecture per se. Architects seem to be condemned into working
with people with power, land and money in a way that suggests that architecture
is least likely to produce dissidence (a point made by Aureli and Whiting
later), yet there is an ambivalent role between conformity and resistance. The
architect’s dissidence can get camouflaged in architectural technical language
to produce gestures of refusal and thus architecture becomes one of the
precarious practices and messages in field of antagonism. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.dogma.name/about.html"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">Pier
Vittorio Aureli</span></a><span style="font-family: Baskerville;"> somehow got
closer to pinpointing this paradox. Architecture is always political yet it
cannot be political. Architecture is an
ideology that represent consensus, and is implicated in neutralizing and
depoliticizing the city. This is when it is understood as a profession, with
its division of labor, and with its own presentation in the public sphere, and
foremost in some of its classic texts. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">At
the heart of the paradox he presented is how the profession chooses to deal
with conflict. Aureli, brought the two examples of Vitruvius’ classic </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20239"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">Ten
books on Architecture</span></a><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">; the
oldest theory on how cities should be organized as a coherent body, and le
Corbusier’s “Architecture où revolution”, and his “La guerre? Mieux vaut
construire” (War? Better to build) in PLANS 6(1931) as examples where design
and building replaces politics, and where the objective is to pacify, stabilize
and avoid conflict.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">On
the other hand architecture is always political since any architectural form
always implies a subject, a mode of life, and of being in space and therefore
it implies an idea of the political and informs a spatial condition by always
framing space. Architecture could be a practice that aims to construct
political antagonism in the city, rather than mask it, and to represent agnostic claims to the city rather than presenting architecture as the
solution to a problem. (Ex: the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Vienna"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">Red
Vienna</span></a><span style="font-family: Baskerville;"> social housing project)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">Thus
there is no death of politics; architecture is always political especially when
it pretends to be non-political, and it can be political through the architect
as a producer who is also able to modify the precarious conditions in which
architecture is produced. </span><a href="http://arch.rice.edu/People/Faculty/Sarah-Whiting/"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">Sarah Whiting</span></a><span style="font-family: Baskerville;"> picked up from where Aureli to ponder more on the architectural
practice, as one demanding extreme expertise and extreme genaralism, as a
temporality that demands patience. Such
a status is a given that makes architecture political but also where it becomes
difficult for the architect to act politically. As patrons stop endorsing, and
architects move to artistic installations, to writing or to transform their
technical expertise to capital, and the practice understood as building becomes
increasingly disadvantaged. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">Mouffe,
in her responses to her interlocutors, brought back the conversation from the
architect to understanding and locating the political. It didn't make sense to
her to say political architecture, since architecture is always a part of
hegemonic construction, hence always political. The world is constituted
through a multiplicity of discourses that establish a common sense, which in
turn becomes neutralized and establish the realm of what is possible and what
we can expect. Architectural practice, like any other practice can be
implicated in the construction, maintenance, and the transformation of
hegemony. Therefore, for her ‘critical architecture’ is what the presenters had
been calling ‘political’ through their presentations. And the question thus
becomes how to envisage a critical architecture?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Baskerville;">A
critical practice would depend on how it contributes to the counter hegemonic
practices, specifically how we envisage challenging the neoliberal order. Critique
is never purely a movement of negation; there are always moments of dis-articulation and re-articulation, and there will always be the day after the
revolution question. For the architectural practice thus to be critical, it
would have to engage in a strategic war of positions and create a multiplicity
of agnostic spaces in which hegemony can be contested.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: large;">Despite
Mouffe’s uneasiness about using her mode of analysis for politics that is not
democratic, one can not help but pose question about the elsewhere. I am here
neither making the argument for politicizing architecture or de-politicizing a
practice that have become political in many sorts of ways. I do find the two
positions potentially reductive if the particular question of: which
understanding of “the political” for which kind of politics and architecture is
not posed. A lot of cross disciplinary conversations have been happening in and
about Cairo over the past four or five years, perhaps this blog is one sign of
that. Yet, amidst the sweeping and paradoxical tendencies of politicization and
depoliticization of public sphere we have been part of, political theorists
have not posed that basic question sufficiently enough to engage in that
particular conversation.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Baskerville;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: large;">Aya Nassar is an Mphil/Phd student at the Politics and International Studies Department at Warwick, and a Teaching assistant in Cairo University. Her research looks into Space and Politics in Cairo. Other research interests include urban studies, public space, memory and nostalgia, politics and literature, political theory (Arendt, Lefebvre, Foucault).</span></span></div>
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DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-74166140444406234712014-04-20T03:18:00.000-07:002014-04-20T03:27:41.269-07:00كلمتين عن متحف و متحف<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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صورة لمبنى الحزب الوطنى، تصوير على محمد</div>
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كتب علي محمد:</div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">المتحف الأول</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">: طالعتنا الصحف بأحد التصريحات الحكومية عن هدم مبنى بلدية القاهرة المعروف بمبنى الحزب الوطنى سابقا و ضم أرض المبنى الى أرض المتحف المصرى و جاء فى الخبر </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">"يعتبر هذا القرار قرارًا تاريخياً لما لهذه الأرض من قيمة مالية ضخمة، ولكن مهما كانت هذه القيمة فإنها لا تقارن بقيمة الحفاظ على التراث المصري الذى يشكل جزءًا ثميناً من التراث البشري".</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">بغض النظر عن عدم معرفة ما المنطق أو العلاقة بين هدم المبنى و ضم أرضه للمتحف و الحفاظ عل التراث فى ذلك لان التراث المتمثل فى المتحف غير خاضع للتهديد و لا يوجد نية لهدم المتحف. يمكن ان تكون توسعة المتحف بضم أرض المبنى نوع من الاثراء و لكنها ليست محافظة على التراث حيث أنه لا يوجد تهديد للتراث يزول خطره بهدم المبنى بل ان مبنى الحزب المزعم هدمه مسجل فى قوائم التراث على انه مبنى يحظر هدمه و لكن الدولة التى تدعى الحفاظ على التراث سوف تقوم بشطبه من قوائم التراث لهدمه من أجل الحفاظ على التراث !</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">بغض النظر أيضا عن تكلفة هدم المبنى الذى تعرض للحريق فى أحداث ثورة يناير و لكنه مازال قائم محتفظ بهيكله الخرسانى فى حاله ليست سيئة على الأطلاق و هناك تجارب فى عدة أماكن لأعاده مبانى فى نفس الحاله و أسوأ للحياه و الأستخدام مره أخرى.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">بغض النظر عن كل ما سبق المراد قراءته أو ايصاله من خلال هذا الخبر هو أن الدولة حريصه على التراث و التاريخ، تشجع العرض المتحفى و الثقافه و يخضع هذا لأولوياتها قبل المستثمرين و الطامعين لأن هذا هو دور الدوله، دور الدوله أن تحمى تاريخها من أطماع الاستغلال و الهدم.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">صوره لارض محافظة الاسكندريه و فى الخلف مبنى المتحف اليونانى الرومانى ، تصوير على محمد</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">المتحف الثانى: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">نشبت النيران فى ديوان محافظة الأسكندرية فى الأيام الاولى من الثوره حتى تهدمت أغلب اجزاء المبنى و تم الان مساوته بالارض. يجاور أرض ديوان المحافظه المتحف اليونانى الرومانى و الذى يخضع حاليا للتجديد و الترميم و فى حاجه للتوسع. رغم قيام عدة متخصصين و نشطاء بعدة وقفات مطالبين بضم أرض المحافظه المتهدمه بالفعل لأرض المتحف دون أى تكلفة هدم أو ما شابه، كل ما يتطلبه الامر قرار بالضم و قرار بانشاء الديوان الجديد فى مكان اخر ربما خارج المدينه و لكن الدوله تأبى الا أن تعيد بناء ديوان المحافظه فى نفس الموقع و تعطى ظهرها للمتحف.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">هنا نحن أمام دوله أخرى ليس من أولوياتها الثقافه و الفنون و الاهتمام بالمتاحف و غيره، الدوله هنا فى هذه الحاله تقف موقف معاكس تماما للموقف السابق فى حالة المتحف المصرى و مبنى الحزب الوطنى مما يطرح العديد من الاسئله.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">هل بالأسكندرية دولة و بالقاهرة دولة أخرى؟ هل الأوقع ضم أرض المتحف اليونانى لأرض محافظة الأسكندريه الخاليه أم هدم مبنى قائم مسجل بقوائم التراث لارض المتحف المصرى أوقع ؟</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">لماذا كل هذا التعنت فى ضم أرض المتحف بالاسكندريه و كل هذا الاصرار على هدم اخر فى القاهرة؟ هل هى محاولة لاصلاح ما افسدته الثورة من وجهة نظر الدولة ؟ هل تريد الدولة محو أى أثار نتجت عن انتفاضة الشعب ضد الظلم و الطغيان بدلا من تخليد هذه اللحظة ربما عن طريق تحويل مبنى الحزب لمتحف أو ما شابه و يظل قائما فى مكانه عبرة لمن تسول له نفسه استباحة حقوق هذا الشعب ؟ </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">هناك على التوازى مخطط القاهرة 2050 و به مشروع فندق سياحى على النيل فى نفس مكان مبنى الحزب الوطنى و هذا يأخذنا الى سؤال اخر عن النيه الحقيقيه وراء هدم المبنى ؟ هل من أجل التراث أم من أجل الاستثمار ؟</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">فى عالم اخر موازى، أين حماية التراث المصرى الذى تحدثنا عنه الدولة و وقوفها ضد أطماع المستثمرين فى هدم المبانى التراثيه على قدم و ساق بالسكندريه و القاهره و غيرها من المدن ؟ و ليس مثال هدم فيلا اجيون بالاسكندريه عنا ببعيد.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ملحوظه : بعد كتابة المقال تم نشر خبر فى نفس الجريده مفاده دراسة تحويل مبنى الحزب الوطنى لفندق فعلا </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">روابط ذات صلة</span></div>
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<a href="http://m.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/420508" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://m.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/420508</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.algareda.com/2011/08/%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%81%D9%88-%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A/" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.algareda.com/2011/08/%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%81%D9%88-%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A/</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></a></div>
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<a href="http://egymedia.tv/news/news.aspx?id=11332"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">http://egymedia.tv/news/news.aspx?id=11332</span></a></div>
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DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-30766864419386950882014-02-09T13:30:00.002-08:002014-02-09T13:30:21.221-08:00إرادة شعب!!!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-54023524947333920212013-08-31T10:27:00.000-07:002013-09-01T21:54:52.911-07:00When do we get our Vertical Slums in Cairo?!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<iframe src="//player.vimeo.com/video/51295174?color=ffffff" width="800" height="450" frameborder="0" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe>
Mini documentary on the icon of Johannesburg Ponte Tower.<br />
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the world's tallest slum: poverty-ridden Venezuela's Tower of David.</div>
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البرج ..فيلم تسجيلي قصير 7 دقائق عن برج الزمالك المهجور و "الغامض" <br />
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DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-46132585839816244782013-07-24T04:54:00.003-07:002013-07-24T05:22:53.082-07:00ما أشبه الليلة بالبارحة!!! طول العمرالعسكر عسكر!!!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-62836404893670745932012-11-10T08:08:00.001-08:002012-11-10T08:12:37.365-08:00The Desert Tower<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Aerial view of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaba" target="_blank">Ka'ba</a> and what is so called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraj_Al_Bait" target="_blank">Abraj AlBait</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://prod-images.exhibit-e.com/www_friedmanbenda_com/Woods_A_City_Sector_1576N_Aerial_FB17915_sm1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="634" src="http://prod-images.exhibit-e.com/www_friedmanbenda_com/Woods_A_City_Sector_1576N_Aerial_FB17915_sm1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15.949999809265137px; margin: 0px; orphans: 2; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">A-City: Sector 1576N (Aerial), 1986 by Lebbeus Woods </i><br />
<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #222222; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15.949999809265137px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Taken from an exhibition held at the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.friedmanbenda.com/exhibitions/2012-02-24_lebbeus-woods-early-drawings/" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #6c6e95; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15.949999809265137px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">Friedman Benda</a><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: #222222; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 15.949999809265137px; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>gallery
in New York earlier this year, the drawings show the dystopian
architectural landscapes of Woods’ imagination, including the Centricity
and A-City projects that explore the political nature of architecture
and its capacity to affect society.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-89544923183869379862012-11-07T00:10:00.004-08:002012-11-07T00:10:56.360-08:00The Informal siege: on Peripherisation in Cairo<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0UXUPcOwPSbiaQz6y62SP8e-2fi6O8y96k3wwZQZe66NcFX6cy9MYeYWh_p-8X7wS8O9m2dy43HHNhTXzJCEdiz-lJ-I_EsosjKQ6vxIoX7d070FppmTD0amuXWhuC60qmeXmA0jlAjk/s1600/cairo+peripherization.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="379" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0UXUPcOwPSbiaQz6y62SP8e-2fi6O8y96k3wwZQZe66NcFX6cy9MYeYWh_p-8X7wS8O9m2dy43HHNhTXzJCEdiz-lJ-I_EsosjKQ6vxIoX7d070FppmTD0amuXWhuC60qmeXmA0jlAjk/s640/cairo+peripherization.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A diagram showing the peripheral urbanization around the central region of greater Cairo<br />The source of the base map is David Sim’s book Understanding Cairo: A City out of Control</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLdk8V8oK50h-ouUhCr-0E4-lkstao_4ptJzRsy6YvjZjGrikwVMUE0ANE2S0GNuMkfCQ4aM5Vq-Bh2VK5TmJx1KaVHauvuNU_pMxGGfvrPnUJOQBHCBr-nlKtWYlGODmQqShEjkLgO94/s1600/informal+peripherization.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
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<br /><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: small;">عملية التحضر في مدن دول العالم النامي عادة
ما يكون غير مخطط بما فيه الكفاية. تشتهر هذه المدن بالنمو العمراني السريع
والعشوائي. مما يميز هذا النمو تركزه علي أطراف المدينة في صورة تجمعات
سكنية لذوي الدخول المحدودة. تمتد هذه التجمعات بالمدينة علي مدار فترات
طويلة من الزمن لتندمج تدريجياً مع المدينة. يترتب علي تلك العملية إحلال
للشريحة الإقتصادية لسكان تلك المناطق في حين يستمر ظهور مناطق فقيرة أخري
علي الأطراف. هذا النمط في النمو العمراني يمثل مشكلة عمرانية لها تداعيات
إقتصادية إجتماعية خطيرة.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: small;">ما سبق كان إقتباساً عن بحث خاص بمشكلة النمو
العمراني علي أطراف مدن أمريكا اللاتينية مثل ساو بولو. يبدو أن القاهرة
تعاني هي أيضا من هذه المشكلة و لكن علي طريقتها الخاصة حيث يحيط بالطريق
الدائري حول القاهرة تجمعات عمرانية عشوائية. في الجهة الشمالية يوجد
تجمعات ريفية شبه حضرية غالبيتها مراكز لمحافظات الجيزة و القليوبية مثل
القناطر الخيرية ,قليوب بما في ذلك الخصوص. بلغ تعداد سكان هذه المناطق عام
2006 ما يقارب الأربعة ملايين نسمة غالبيتهم من الطبقة الدنيا و المتوسطة
إقتصادياً. من الأسباب الرئيسية في نمو هذه المناطق هو توافرأنماط متعددة
من السكن بأسعار منخفضة نسبياً. وذلك يرجع لسوق الأراضي غير الرسمي.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: small;">أما جنوبي الطريق الدائري فهو محاط بتجمعات
سكنية تتسم كذلك بالعشوائية في نموها. تقع غالبة التجمعات العمرانية
الجديدة في هذه المنطقة مثل العبور ,الشروق ,القاهرة الجديدة (متضمنة
الرحاب و مدينتي) و السادس من أكتوبر. غالبية سكان هذه التجمعات من الشرائح
الإقتصادية العليا و فوق المتوسطة.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: small;">لعب رجال الأعمال و السياسة دور هام في تشكيل
البيئة المبنية للقاهرة الجديدة و مثلها من التجمعات العمرانية الجديدة
بعد تراجع دور المخطط و الذي بدوره ساهم في انتاج هذه المنطقة العشوائية.
وجد القائمون علي هذه التجمعات الجديدة أنه من الأجدى ماديا أن يبيعوا قطعا
أكبر من الأرض لرجال الأعمال ليبنوا عليها جزرا يطلق عليها كمبوندات تحوي
هي الأخري جزرا من الفيلات المحاطة بالأسوار. معظم هذه التجمعات السكنية
تحاول جاهدة الإكتفاء ذاتياً لتنفصل قدر المستطاع عن المدينة. ما تبقي من
الأراضي ينقسم بين مناطق مخصصة للمباني الإدارية و أخري لما يسمي الإسكان
العائلي و الذي نتج عنه نمط غير متجانس بالرغم من أنه محكوم بقوانين عمياء
موحدة علي الكل بغض النظر عن النتيجة. السكن العائلي حيث يعيش الكل في جزر
منعزلة يفصلها سور عن الآخر. . المشكله أن هذا النمط أصبح نموذجا ناجح
يحتذى به فيما بعد من مجتمعات عمرانية. و النجاح هنا مقياسه الوحيد حجم و
كم المبيعات و ليس نوعية و أسلوب الحياة بعد الشراء! غني عن الذكر أن كل من
تلك المناطق يكون ليلاً خالي تماماً من الحياة. و لكن في النهاية لا يصح
إلا الصحيح فما لبثت الأنشطة التجارية الظهور لتعيد الحياة الى بعض أجزاء
هذه المجاورات.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: small;">مثلها في كمثل مدن أمريكا الاتينية, غالباً
ما تفتقر مناطق الإمتداد العمراني علي أطراف القاهرة للخدمات الأساسية و
البنية التحتية مما يترتب علي ذلك مشاكل إجتماعية. بناءً علي ذلك فأن النمو
علي الأطراف يمثل النموذج عمراني لغياب العدالة الإجتماعية المنتشر في
الدولة.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">The urbanization process in cities of developing countries is often
insufficiently planned and poorly coordinated. Cities in developing
countries are notorious for their inherent chaotic and discontinuous
spatial patterns, as well as rapid and unorganized development
processes. A specific kind of urban growth that happens in these cities
is known as ‘peripherisation’. This type of urban expansion is
something seen in many large cities in the developing world, and is
particularly apparent in the city of Cairo.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">Peripherisation can be defined as a kind of growth process
characterized by the formation of low-income residential areas in the
peripheral ring of the city. These areas are incorporated into the city
by a long-term process of expansion by which numerous low-income areas
are re-contextualized within the urban system and occupied by a higher
economic group. The new low-income settlements continuously then emerge
on the periphery. Peripherisation is an urban spatial problem, which
has strong effects in social and economic terms, and is a problem
unlikely to fade away without a well-informed planning action<sup>1</sup>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">As previously mentioned, Cairo has the same problem of
peripherisation, but in a different manner. Along the ring road the
highway that circles around the greater Cairo region Cairo is surrounded
by informality. In the northern sector there are informal settlements
or peri-urban areas, as <a href="http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/urban-planner-david-sims-explodes-myths-cairo%E2%80%99s-dysfunction" target="_blank">David Sims</a> refers to these areas in his attempt to understand the logic behind a city out of control<sup>2</sup>.
This peri-urban frontier includes, according to Sims, nine, mainly
rural, administrative marakiz (districts) of Giza and Qalyubiya
governorates. The 2006 population of peri-urban Greater Cairo was 3.9
million inhabitants. These areas can be claimed to have a majority of
poor inhabitants, although this is not exclusively exact.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">According to Sims, “the main reason for the growing attraction of
peri-urban areas can be said to relate to the array of affordable
housing solutions that the mainly informal housing markets generate in
these areas. Land accessibility and price are conducive to informal
settlement creep and infill”<sup>2</sup>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">On the southern sector of the road lies a set of informal areas,
which Sims refers to as the desert cities. These areas are mostly
inhibited by middle and upper middle classes, and include the areas of
Obour, New Cairo (including Rehab and Madinaty) and Shorouq. Business
and politics have influenced the built environments in these areas
greatly. Authorities responsible for land governance realized that
selling larger chunks of land for developers (mostly coming from the
Gulf region after the recession in 2008) will generate a greater amount
of money quickly and easily. That is why most of these areas are
composed mainly of gated communities attempting to be self-sufficient,
and are thus completely isolated from the city. The remainder of this
urban expansion includes a number of isolated residential private
islands separated into another sector dedicated as a business district.
It is needless to mention that both areas are almost dead at night
increasing the security problem around the area.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">Similar to the Latin American cities, the peripheral ring of Cairo
consists mostly of low-income housing including large spontaneous
settlements, which usually lack urban services of any kind. As such,
Peripherisation clearly constitutes a social problem. However, it is not
a problem only in the sense of the extreme social inequalities that
appear in the city in a very concrete spatial form. Rather, the problem
is the perpetuation of such a form in space and time and, in this sense,
Peripherisation is a social problem of spatial order<sup>1</sup>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;">Sources:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><ol>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Barros, J. (2003).<i>Simulating Urban Dynamics in Latin American Cities</i>. London: University College London.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"> Sims, D. (2010). <i>Understanding Cairo: The Logic of a City out of Control.</i> Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. </span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Note: <span style="font-size: small;">t</span>his article was original pos<span style="font-size: small;">ted on <a href="http://cairofrombelow.org/2012/11/07/on-peripherisation-in-cairo/" target="_blank">Cairo from Below</a></span></span> </span></div>
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DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-82891751286992550622012-09-03T06:08:00.000-07:002012-09-03T06:08:14.770-07:00Democracy Suspended<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<iframe width="640" height="480" src="http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/mpmmyuIB-uA" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<br />
<a href="http://reclaimistanbul.com/" target="_blank">Yasar Adanali</a>'s presentation on democratic & urban transformation in
the Middle East and Turkey at the <a href="http://www.iusd.uni-stuttgart.de/" target="_blank">Integrated Urbanism and Sustainable Design Conference</a>, Stuttgart, Germany (December 2011) </div>
DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-23217222663597638752012-09-03T02:34:00.005-07:002012-09-03T03:57:15.545-07:00From Change Control to Adaptation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) are non-linear, self-organizing systems that have the ability to adapt to changing conditions through changing the rules that organize the random autonomous interactions between agents in the environment. This adaptation takes place through gradual gained experience that is reflected in the agent’s behavior. Interacting agents that are described in terms of certain rules generate complex temporal patterns. Emergent higher level patterns can arise out of parallel complex interaction between local agents. Emergent systems are rule governed systems; their capacity for learning and growth and experimentation is derived from governing decentralized level local rules. Acknowledging that giving up top-down control, giving systems a margin of freedom to govern themselves bottom-up as much as possible and letting it learn from and build on their experience is essential to understand emergence in CAS. Applying this framework to case studies from informal settlements around Cairo, we identify several innovations in governance that emerged in this program and demonstrate how complex adaptive system thinking can be useful in understanding how governance can enhance resilience. <br />
<br />
The complex adaptive systems approach shifts the perspective on governance from the aim to control change in resources through a rigid prescriptive sociopolitical systems that is assumed to be stable, to enhancing the capacity of social-ecological systems to learn to live with and shape change and even find ways to transform into more desirable directions. Adaptive management of environmental resources presents a challenge to traditional government, with its reliance on bureaucratic procedures, the lengthy processes of legislative deliberation, and the often arbitrary nature of judicial decision making. <br />
<br />
<b>Self-governance and self-organization in social organizations </b><br />
<br />
“Self-organization” and “Self-governance” are two different strategies for behavior management. Self-organization is a system of autonomous subsystems acting jointly under the influence of a unifying agent but without supervision can achieve apparently purposeful and coordinated activity. <br />
<br />
During the occupation of Tahrir, neighborhood self-governance became a necessity. Neighborhood committees appeared throughout the entire country within the matter of a night. People came down from their apartments to the streets in the midst of a mobile phone and internet blackout and set up checkpoints and communications systems to defend their neighborhoods.<br />
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<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/middle_east/protest_camp/img/tahrir_sq_protest_976.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="404" src="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/middle_east/protest_camp/img/tahrir_sq_protest_976.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
Within Tahrir premises, an autonomous community emerged as have been illustrated by the <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-12434787" target="_blank">image</a> published by the BBC. During the 18 days of the sit-in that ended by throwing Mubarak off the throne of Egypt, several manifestation of self-organization existed. A fresh state united towards one single goal, was being formulated within a dying political system. This state had its borders, medical and waste management and even a street network urban patterns emerging between protesters tents and informal markets that supply the daily basic needs as shown in these <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-12434787" target="_blank">images</a> annotated above. The lesson learnt from Tahrir Square protesters, as <a href="http://www.dkshehayeb.com/" target="_blank">Dr. Dina K. Shehayeb</a> describes it. was one of harmonious self-governance in a flat mesh-like structure rather than the control-oriented hierarchical model. Lateral coordination came easily when participants were diverse enough across qualifications to complement each other, held equal respect for each member, and focused on a shared goal. <br />
<br />
As for self-governance, it brings the sort of flexibility that allows not just quick response, but immediate adaptation and it the capacity to carry out complex, temporally extended plans. The difference between self-organization and self-governance is a difference in how the system as a whole manages its activity. <br />
<br />
No installed gas service or insufficient water and electricity grids to cover the needs of the inhabitants of these areas are among several typical problems that informal areas such as Ard Liwa’ and other settlements developed without a coordinated urban plan suffer from. This is partly because these areas are either registered as farm or desert land or not recognized as residential. Added to this, there are no public hospitals or schools. There only exist private schools and community clinics that serve middle class. As for the poor majority they have to send their children far away to public schools in Muhandeseen or Imbaba. There are not even police stations or fire stations for emergencies. The existence of these critical issues over a long period of time and up until now is evident for the inadequacy of existing governance system to take care of these problems. <br />
<br />
In reaction to Communities this inadequacy, have turned to solutions such as establishing new autonomous administrative entities. Ard Liwa’ is an example of autonomous administrative units that exists within the city of Cairo. An elected official of this popular (sha’bi) settlement elaborates on the autonomous nature of this area: Ard Liwa’ is an independent local unit. This settlement was originally a farm land within the village of Mu’tamidiya. People started to settle in this area during the 1970s. Ard Liwa’ is considered as a slum (’Ashwa’iyat) or self-made and unregistered residential neighborhood that encircles the business district of Al-Muhandeseen and merges with working class neighborhoods of Imbaba and Mit ’Uqba. <br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0" height="480" src="http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/Opj56Tx3ss4" width="640"></iframe>
Shown in the video above is a significant <a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7/196342957050801" target="_blank">initiative</a> in this area where the inhabitants self-organized and constructed a connection to the ring road that passes by the area. What’s interesting is that the government completed the works and finished it in an example of recognition of self-organized informal action. <br />
<br />
Concerning the issue of waste management and utilities, as there is no proper waste management or trash collection system (like most of Cairo), Mu’tamidiya is one of six recycling neighborhoods form a ring around the city of Cairo. This mentality of self-organization forms the basis for every development in the informal settlements. <br />
<br />
<b>Emerging new process for governance </b><br />
<br />
Traditional ideas about governance involve a top-down hierarchy under a single central controlling authority. In contrast, a CAS is characterized by interdependent network clusters under distributed control, with an open boundary and shared authority. The goals of agencies in traditional governance are ideally clear with defined problems. The goals in a collaborative CAS are various and changing. In traditional governance, planning is linear and the criterion for success is the attainment of policy goals. In a collaborative CAS, planning is nonlinear and the criterion for success is the realization of collective free action by the agents. <br />
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<a href="http://images.travelpod.com/users/momentsintime/26.1315501276.cruising-the-bosphorus-strait-in-istanbul.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="420" src="http://images.travelpod.com/users/momentsintime/26.1315501276.cruising-the-bosphorus-strait-in-istanbul.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
In the long term, governance strategies for resilience may require a combination of strategies depending on the context such as the Mu’tamidiya case. Another example of this balance is evident in the underground market in the pedestrian underpass near the bosphorous in the area of Karaköy, Istanbul in Turkey where the municipality acknowledged the informal markets emerging in the underpass and organized it in a win-win situation where the state raised a valuable amount of money from renting this spot and mutually the vendors make use of the flow of tourists on their way to the bosphourus trip. In contrast, the vendors in Cairo, Egypt are chased by the police and treated violently as criminals and thugs, and in the end their products get kicked and thrown in the garbage. <br />
<br />
This emergent model of self-governance and self-organization experienced in liberation squares all-over Egypt during the first days of the revolution and before that for more than six decades within the informal settlements all around Cairo in response to incompetence and corruption of the political and governance system can be more resonant with effective approaches to adaptive management that enhance resilience for resource management than traditional government practices. <br />
<br />
<br />
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Note: This article has been originally published (bi-lingual) in the <a href="http://issuu.com/zawia/docs/zawiachangevolume00/1">inaugural issue</a> of <a href="http://www.zawia.co/">Zawia</a> Magazine. The title was originaly inspired from this <a href="http://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/whatisresilience/researchbackground/researchframework/complexadaptivesystems.4.aeea46911a3127427980006772.html" target="_blank">article</a>.</div>
DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-71531551443486828682012-09-01T10:14:00.001-07:002012-09-01T10:16:51.218-07:00Balconies: an object of occupation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The opening scene of Kamal Aljafari’s film <i>Port of Memory</i> (2009) starts "<i>with a long
tracking shot of a grand, decaying house at twilight. The camera lingers
on the skin of this structure that bears traces of other times and
previous inhabitations. The footage feels like a memorial for a building
that may not live much longer: we see a floorboard of what was once a
balcony, recesses where there were stairs, and the remnants of plaster crenelations above cinder-blocked windows</i>" as <span class="author"><a href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/contributors/90252" target="_blank">Sadia Shirazi</a> <a href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/6784/cinematic-occupation" target="_blank">describes.</a></span></div>
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She goes on her <a href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/6784/cinematic-occupation" target="_blank">review</a> of the film saying that the
film pairs the incremental expropriation of Palestinian property in
Jaffa with the foreclosure of Palestinian residents from the city’s
cinematic history. When interviewed, Aljafari referred to this
as the “<i>cinematic occupation of Jaffa</i>.” <a href="http://montrealserai.com/2010/09/28/this-place-they-dried-from-the-sea-an-interview-with-kamal-aljafari/">In another interview</a>, <a href="http://montrealserai.com/2010/09/28/this-place-they-dried-from-the-sea-an-interview-with-kamal-aljafari/">he explains</a>:
“<i>the film is very much about place, being excluded from it, about being
there and not being there at the same time. I know these buildings will
vanish from reality, so at least I have them in my film. And [through]
cinema…with framing and by shooting something for a long time, you can
claim it.</i>”</div>
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This is very much <span class="diigoHighlight a_style id_e82b07934ae8db439697b15472dfcf25 type_0 yellow">related
to reclamation of places and things as Aljafari says</span><span class="diigoHighlight a_style id_e82b07934ae8db439697b15472dfcf25 type_0 yellow"> in an<a href="http://arenaofspeculation.org/2012/03/11/interview-with-kamal-aljafari/" target="_blank"> interview</a> with him</span><span class="diigoHighlight a_style id_e82b07934ae8db439697b15472dfcf25 type_0 yellow">. He tells a story that happened to him a couple of years ago while he was
filming a short miniature in his father’s hometown Ramleh. He was filming
raw unfinished balconies when suddenly a young Israeli guy appeared and
stood just behind his back. The guy waited and waited until he became
impatient. He asked Aljafari: what are you filming? he said, the balconies. the Israeli guy said: “you see all these balconies, they are mine.”
Obviously, the balconies were much older than him, Aljafari says.
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Aljafari describes his film <a href="http://kamalaljafari.com/balconies/" target="_blank">Balconies </a>as an experimental meditation focusing on the deteriorating and unfinished balconies of his home town Ramleh, inspired by Federico Garcia Lorca's Romance Sonambulo, "But now I am not I, nor is my house now my house..."</span></div>
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DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-44251242621956662022012-07-14T02:40:00.001-07:002012-07-14T03:04:39.732-07:00BRT to save Cairo?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
What is the best way improve transportation to get people and goods moving in Cairo?<br />
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Nick Hamilton <a href="http://cairofrombelow.org/2012/01/16/proposed-world-bank-loan-of-250-million-usd-for-egyptian-transportation/">poses this question</a> wondering if is it the best strategy to schedule only 18.6% of a total fund of 17 billion US Dollars for subways and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems as opposed to more than 45% for making new express highways. The later will mainly <span style="background-color: white;">serve </span><span style="background-color: white;">private car owners that represent only 11% of households in </span><span style="background-color: white;">Cairo! So can this be regarded as planning transportation for majority as Sims elaborates in </span><a href="http://www.google.com.eg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CFMQFjAA&url=%2Finterstitial%3Furl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.aucpress.com%2Ft-eNewsletter-SimsUnderstandingCairo-February2011.aspx%253Ftemplate%253Dtemplate_enewsletter&ei=eUMBUMDjOYfXsgbqwrGzBg&usg=AFQjCNGx7T9Vi1AWw_fjma0q3L0prBzhgQ&sig2=itLsS3kozCW3nagLSmoEbQ" style="background-color: white;">his book</a><span style="background-color: white;">.</span><br />
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A recent report issued by the<a href="http://www.itdp.org/"> Institute for Transportation and Development Policy</a> and<a href="http://www.embarq.org/"> EMBARQ</a>, titled “<a href="http://www.itdp.org/library/publications/the-life-and-death-of-urban-highways/">The Life and Death of Urban Highways</a>” is a solid look at the role and history of city highways across the globe. The report laments the spread of these urban trends with many cities in Latin America, and more recently in China and India building new highways and surface roads at a rapid pace. As a counter argument, it provides several case studies showcasing different cities that became stronger when freeways were removed or reconsidered. One particularly relevant case is that of Bogotá – as it runs parallel to the current situation in Cairo as Meredith Hutch <a href="http://cairofrombelow.org/2012/03/23/the-forces-of-urban-highways/">reports</a>. <br />
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In the mid-1990’s Colombia’s capital, in an effort to decrease intense traffic congestion in the city center, considered two infrastructure and transportation plans. As part of Bogotá’s long-term mobility strategy, <a href="http://www.streetfilms.org/ten-years-after-redefining-brt-whats-next-for-transmilenio/">TransMilenio</a> was implemented in place of constructing an elevated highway.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://cairofrombelow.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/scottdalton_bogotabrt_nytimes.jpg?w=595&h=396" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Bogota Columbia BRT - people move on the buses, cars can't get in the way (more photos on </span><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2009/07/10/world/0710BOGOTA_index.html" style="font-size: medium; text-align: -webkit-auto;">ScottDalton_BogotaBRT_NYTimes</a><span style="font-size: small; text-align: -webkit-auto;">)</span>
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Another case study is the case of Ahmedabad’s BRT system that is being studied by other Asian cities as a prototype that could be transplanted elsewhere.Read more about the system <a href="http://places.designobserver.com/feature/peoples-way-urban-mobility-in-ahmedabad/12918/">here</a>.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_494120759"><img src="http://places.designobserver.com/media/slideshows/ss_12.jpg" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://places.designobserver.com/slideshow/peoples-way-urban-mobility-in-ahmedabad/12918/618/12#slide">As rush hour evening traffic builds, the Janmarg lanes provide clear passage for buses (click the image above for more photos)</a></td></tr>
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<a href="http://places.designobserver.com/slideshow/peoples-way-urban-mobility-in-ahmedabad/12918/618/12#slide"></a>TheBRT system in Ahmedabad, India is considered by many experts to be one of the best. Note: this BRT system shares many similarities to a subway metro system only it costs as little as 1/10 as much: passengers pay before entering; they enter through all of the buses doors; the platform is raised for easy and safe access; the buses have their own right of way that cars cannot drive on. (more the planning and design in <a href="http://ahmedabadbrts.com/Planning_Design.html">ahmedabadbrts.com</a>)<br />
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<a href="http://cairobserver.com/">Mohamed Elshahed</a> <a href="http://cairobserver.com/post/9542591834/lessons-from-elsewhere-ahmedabad">argues</a> that a rapid bus system would help the Cairo’s traffic problems immensely and it is badly needed along the city’s main roads: the ring road, Mehwar, and also crosstown routes such as Salah Salem.</div>DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-56462656430844817732012-07-05T01:10:00.000-07:002012-07-05T01:56:17.252-07:00the struggle goes on<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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"What both the Greek and Egyptian elections show is that while elections matter and should not be ignored by socialists, they are only one aspect of the class struggle and not the decisive one. In the weeks and months ahead both the Greek and Egyptian working people may need our solidarity and, of course, we must remember that the best form of solidarity is to stoke the fires at home."</blockquote>
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<span lang="EN-IE"><a href="http://johnmolyneux.blogspot.com/2012/06/greece-and-egypt-struggle-goes-on.html"> John Molyneux</a> draws parallel between </span><span style="background-color: white;">the Greek and Egyptian elections</span></div>
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</div>DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-87639399248507638932012-07-02T05:36:00.000-07:002012-07-02T07:03:19.093-07:00The statute of the City حدث في البرازيل<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white;">During the process of consolidation of the Constitution </span><span style="background-color: white;">of 1988, a multi-sectoral movement of national </span><span style="background-color: white;">scope fought to include in the constitutional text instruments </span><span style="background-color: white;">that established the social function of the city </span><span style="background-color: white;">and of property in the process of the construction of </span><span style="background-color: white;">cities. Once again taking up the cause of Urban Reform, </span><span style="background-color: white;">this movement brought up to date and to the conditions </span><span style="background-color: white;">of an urbanized Brazil, a platform built since the 1960s.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">The attempts to build a regulatory mark for urban policy </span><span style="background-color: white;">at the federal level go back to proposals for urban </span><span style="background-color: white;">development law prepared by the then National Urban </span><span style="background-color: white;">Development Counsel of the 1970s, which resulted in </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">the proposed legislation sent to Congress in 1983.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Without organized social pressure to promote the legislation, </span><span style="background-color: white;">and with strong interests working against its </span><span style="background-color: white;">passage, this bill did not find a strong enough base of </span><span style="background-color: white;">support to be approved. Then, in 1987, an alliance of </span><span style="background-color: white;">social actors involved in urban issues – movements for </span><span style="background-color: white;">social housing and regularization of land possession, </span><span style="background-color: white;">unions, professional associations of engineers and </span><span style="background-color: white;">architects, legal assistance entities, urban squatters, </span><span style="background-color: white;">NGOs, and academics – joined together to formulate </span><span style="background-color: white;">the Popular Urban Reform Amendment – which, underwritten </span><span style="background-color: white;">by 250,000 signatures, was presented to the </span><span style="background-color: white;">Constitutional Congress.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">As a result of this action, for the first time in history, </span><span style="background-color: white;">the Constitution included a specific chapter on urban </span><span style="background-color: white;">policy that called for a series of instruments to guarantee, </span><span style="background-color: white;">in the realm of each municipality, the right to the city, </span><span style="background-color: white;">the defense of the social function of the city and property, </span><span style="background-color: white;">and of <a href="http://www.drc-citizenship.org/system/assets/1039934973/original/1039934973-avritzer.2010-democratizing.pdf?1299224897">democratization of urban management </a>(</span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.citiesalliance.org/node/1947">articles 182 and 183</a> shown in the image below). Then, in the 1990s, a more permanent </span><span style="background-color: white;">organization of these actors was formed – the <a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_753325228">National </a></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.forumreformaurbana.org.br/">Urban Reform Forum</a> – which came to act nationally </span><span style="background-color: white;">and internationally for the <a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_753325224">universalisation of the right </a></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.hic-net.org/index.php">to housing and to the city</a>.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPn-22uZMMplC0XKD0UbQ9I4xyVG1FsRqSUN9WV7DN6FG3O-gVI4bopiRFqhVuKq6xdC1CKak1z4yW2FN7RLZgpTwG-yHpnMqSyaH6N4AbN2n4qhlvjcOw9qw0QbW3-NWqBqMAgn6gPGE/s1600/Pages+from+Brazil+Federal+Constitution.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPn-22uZMMplC0XKD0UbQ9I4xyVG1FsRqSUN9WV7DN6FG3O-gVI4bopiRFqhVuKq6xdC1CKak1z4yW2FN7RLZgpTwG-yHpnMqSyaH6N4AbN2n4qhlvjcOw9qw0QbW3-NWqBqMAgn6gPGE/s640/Pages+from+Brazil+Federal+Constitution.jpg" width="427" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">خلال عملية تثبيت دستور البرازيل عام 1988و قامت حركة متعددة الأطراف على المستوى القومي بهدف ضم مواد دستورية لتؤسس للجانب الإجتماعي و العقاري للمدينة خلال تشكلها. هذه الحركة شكلت منصة منذ عام 1960</span><span style="background-color: white;"> تتبنى</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;">عملية الإصلاح العمرانى.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">محاولات إصلاح السياسات العمرانية فى البرازيل تعود إلى ما يسمى بقانون التنمية العمرانية الذى تقدم به المجلس القومي للنمية العمرانية عام 1970 و الذى نتج عنه التشريع المقترح على البرلمان عام 1983.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> لم يكن لهذا التعديل الدستوري أن يكون ممكناً من غير تنظيم وضغط شعبى ضد المصالح القوية لعدم تمريره. ففى عام 1987 ظهر تحالف من قطاعات إجتماعية مختلفة تهتم بشئون العمران (حركات للإسكان الشعبي و تنظيم حيازة الأراضى, إتحادات شعبية, رابطات من المهندسين و المعماريين, هيئات قانونية مستقلة, سكان المناطق الغير رسمية, منظمات أهلية و أكاديميين). إتحد كل هؤلاء لإصدار ما يسمى بوثيقة الإصلاح العمراني الشعبي والتى وقع عليها 250,000 و قدمت للجنة تأسيس الدستور.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">نتج عن ذلك, ولأول مرة فى التاريخ, أن ضم دستور البرازيل فصل عن السياسات العمرانية. ضم هذا الفصل مجموعة من المواد(مواد 182و183 الموضحة بالصورة) التى تضمن من خلال المحليات الحق فى المدينة و الدفاع عن الجانب الإجتماعي فى أنشطة التنمية العمرانية و التحول الديموقراطي لعملية اللإدارة العمرانية. ثم في عام 1990 تم تشكيل منظمة دائمة من المشتركين فى التحالف وسميت المنتدي القومي للإصلاح العمراني و الذى كان فاعلاً على المستوى المحلي و الدولي فى الدعوة إلى ما يسمي بالحق في السكن و في المدينة.</span></div>
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فهل نستطيع أن نتحد لنصنع تجربة مصرية مشابهة لما حدث في البرازيل لحماية حقوق المصريين العمرانية من أمثال مشاريع مصر 2050 التى <a href="http://www.mo.be/node/24962">تهدد بتشريد أعداد هائلة إلى خارج المدينة بدعوى تطويرها</a> و مثال ذلك <a href="https://fbcdn-sphotos-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-ash4/411261_401525726561032_1254979644_o.jpg">التطوير المقترح الذى يسمي خوفو بوليفار </a> و الذى يمحو مناطق مأهولة بالسكان كما يوضح هذا<a href="http://cairofrombelow.org/2012/02/10/road-to-khufu-video-goes-live/"> الفيديو</a> .أو<a href="http://blog.shadowministryofhousing.org/2012/06/blog-post_26.html"> ما يحدث فى رملة بولاق</a> التى تقع ضمن مخطط جزئى من <a href="http://cairofrombelow.org/cairo2050/">مشروع القاهرة 2050</a> لمنطقة مثلث ماسبيرو</div>
</div>DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-71269579240620038412012-07-01T11:42:00.001-07:002012-07-02T02:23:10.421-07:00Is informality to be the new paradigm?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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In the clip above, <a href="http://www.heba-ezzat.com/">Dr. Heba Raouf</a> tackles, intensely, several issues related to the 25th Jan Egyptian Revolution. In this post, I'll try to reflect upon some of them briefly while drawing some parallels between them and other urban and spatial issues.<br />
Please excuse me for any disconnection between these thoughts as they were not intended to be connected in any way. But putting these thoughts together through the reflection on the above lecture may be responsible for the emergence of unseen connections. Also I apologize for writing the post in English though the lecture is in Arabic as I was afraid that meaning will be lost in translation. <br />
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<u>Formality (being formal / acquiring a form) vs. institutionalization (المأسسة) <br />Formal (الرسمية) vs. informality (الغير رسمية) </u><br />
<a href="http://favelissues.com/2012/04/19/more-definitions-informality-vs-informalities/"></a><a href="http://favelissues.com/2012/04/19/more-definitions-informality-vs-informalities/">Adriana Navarro Sertich</a> argues that there is not only one type of “informality” but various “ informalities”. She sees that informality is not solely geography (First and Third World, periphery and core, etc.), nor poverty, inequality, illegality, marginality, isolation, nor resistance. informality , as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Castells">Castells</a> sees it, is not a product but a process, constantly in the making, shifting and redefining relationships (in may cases dependent and essential) with the “formal”. Contingent on this, “informalities” are strategies used by individuals and communities to achieve mobility and claim their rights and recognition.<br />
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Adriana ends her article by questioning, how should the formal sector respond to informality? Should it ‘respond’ at all?<br />
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<a href="http://favelissues.com/2012/05/16/formal-vs-informal-does-it-mean-anything/">Silvia Soonets</a> suggests not to think of them in terms of dichotomy: As long as we accept the informal settlement not as a strange object but simply as part of the city our solutions and projects will be better, and the pendulum between simple and “poor” solutions and speculation and experimentation with the poverty will reach some equilibrium. <br />
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<u>Unfolding events </u><br />
These unfolding events form <a href="http://www.google.com.eg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&sqi=2&ved=0CFkQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FA_Landscape_of_Events.html%3Fid%3D0wp_2rib6gEC&ei=GTLuT57bM4aMsgbOp5WPDw&usg=AFQjCNEgyaJwVTVk_WwyQWGci1ZuDFzJng&sig2=9r4NnOoaMCvK9s3yqLX1Gw">A Landscape of Events</a> as <a href="http://www.egs.edu/faculty/paul-virilio/biography/">Paul Virilio</a> calls it."The collapse of time, the acceleration of time, the reversal of time, the simultaneity of all times. Space becomes temporal" as the architect <a href="http://www.tschumi.com/">Bernard Tschumi</a> introduces the book. For architects time is spatial because space is what we construct, and time is there to activate these spaces, occasionally to transform them by challenging the perception of their boundaries. For Virilio, society has become entirely a function of time. <a href="http://www.janushead.org/6-2/Virilioreview.pdf">Janus Head </a>sees that Virilio's thesis that politicians are condemned to play endless ‘catch-up’ with these unfolding events as portrayed on the media, to rationalize the already occurred.<br />
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<u>The revolution as an act of love. <br />Flows of love and energy inside Tahrir </u><br />
In his groundbreaking book <a href="http://www.google.com.eg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=7&ved=0CH0QFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucs.mun.ca%2F~brianl%2Facademic%2Fma%2FManuel_Castells_Rise_of_Network_Society.pdf&ei=R0jvT-jVFYHVsgaSnISNDw&usg=AFQjCNFAN_UVse_bH8s5AbFu2zD5rpUzkg&sig2=egzQS_WVM5hjZbRO3oaTxw">The Rise of the Network Society</a> , <a href="http://www.manuelcastells.info/en/">Manuel Castells</a> introduces a new concept of space that he calls The space of flows. In his definition of this space of flows, Castells writes:<br />
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Our societies are constructed around flows: flows of capital, flows of information, flows of technology, flows of organizational interactions, flows of images, sounds and symbols. Flows are not just one element of social organization: they are the expression of the processes dominating our economic, political, and symbolic life. ... Thus, I propose the idea that there is a new spatial form characteristic of social practices that dominate and shape the network society: the space of flows. The space of flows is the material organization of time-sharing social practices that work through flows. By flows I understand purposeful, repetitive, programmable sequences of exchange and interaction between physically disjointed positions held by social actors.</blockquote>
Castells proposes the idea that the space of flows is the material organization of social practices that work through flows. <a href="http://felix.openflows.com/">Felix Stalder</a> sees that the reason why we need to pay attention to the emergence of this new space is that increasingly the most powerful process that shape our society are organized within the space of flows.<br />
<u>Rationality vs. passion (Control of passion) </u><br />
<u></u>Here, I recall <a href="http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/contributors/7739">Asef Bayat </a>comment on how the state deals with the 'free-form activism' that characterizes <a href="http://www.google.com.eg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CFMQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Faap.cornell.edu%2Fevents%2Finformalized-city%2Fbookroom%2FJournal%2520PDFs%2Fbayat2.pdf&ei=DpbwT6f-IMjVsgbQxpGODw&usg=AFQjCNH3Unsw8TXraUOR1bqMsoR_PLkfBA&sig2=zbyilA0F4E8uLgSoYaSYiQ">the politics of the informal people</a>. Bayat sees that:<br />
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"The repressive policy of the state renders individual, quiet and hidden mobilisation a more viable strategy than open, collective protest. Consequently, in place of protest or publicity, these groups move directly to fulfill their needs by themselves, albeit individually and discretely. According to him informality can be seen as a kind of urban 'social movements'- understood as organised and territorially based movements of the Third World urban poor who strive for 'social transformation'. The poor people's drive for autonomy in everyday life creates a big crack in the domination of the modem state. Self-regulation reclaims significant political space from the state."</blockquote>
<u>Local interactions </u> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence">Emergence</a> is the way <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_system">complex systems</a> and patterns arise out of a multiplicity of relatively simple interactions. In his <a href="http://urban-complexity.blogspot.com/2009/08/emergence-connected-lives-of-ants.html">book</a>, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Steven-Johnson/e/B000APC0M6/ref=sr_ntt_srch_lnk_1?qid=1341162597&sr=1-1">Johnson</a> says '<a href="http://christianhubert.com/writings/emergence.html">Emergence</a>' occurs when a higher level pattern arises out of parallel complex interaction between local agents. He further states that understanding emergence has always been about giving up control letting systems govern itself as much as possible, letting it learn from experience. <br />
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<u>Spontaneity of the revolution <br />Order vs. disorder <br />Informality defies structure!</u><br />
<a href="http://fabianosobreira.arq.br/">Fabiano José Arcadio Sobreira</a> attempts in her <a href="http://fabianosobreira.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/fabiano-sobreira-tese-de-doutorado.pdf">PhD titled The Logic of Diversity: Complexity and Dynamics of Spontaneous Settlement </a> to contextualize the issue of <a href="http://christianhubert.com/writings/complexity.html">Complexity</a> in regard to urban studies between Order and Disorder. Complexity is sometimes defined as the edge of chaos when he suggests that things truly complex appear on the boundary between order and disorder. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_systems_theory">Complexity theory</a> claim that complex systems expressed in apparent disorder whole, but hide logical order based on simple rules in their individual elements.<br />
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The idea of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_adaptive_system">complex adaptive system</a> is a whole that is apparently composed of disordered diverse elements interacting with each other and constantly changing seems like a natural fit, in analogy to society and man. a disorder that would repeat itself? But disorders that repeat disorders are not chaotic or informal. They actually have implicit orders, disguised, hidden, the waiting to be discovered.<br />
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It worth mentioning in this context that Cairo contains over 100 'spontaneous' communities(المناطق الغير رسمية) housing over seven million people who have subdivided agricultural lands, putting up their shelters unlawfully. </div>
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<u>The role and nature of public space and the new state </u><br />
<u></u><a href="http://www.design.upenn.edu/people/castillo_jose">Castillo</a> declares that there are many lessons to be learned from these “urbanisms of the informal” amongst which, diversity, plurality, tolerance, innovation, adaptation and citizen participation represent a more desirable model to formal planning.</div>
</div>DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-48313394078916364962012-06-27T13:35:00.001-07:002012-06-27T13:35:58.917-07:00The Evolutionary Landscapes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white;">I've recently came by a book called </span><a href="http://www.google.com.eg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CFgQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arsdisputandi.org%2Fpublish%2Farticles%2F000085%2Farticle.pdf&ei=RWDrT5iIBIbgtQb-tr3jBQ&usg=AFQjCNHCf3ZutyRolse9s5iW8goLzUCctg&sig2=XilWp3Jwz6oGXcgSqsVWrg">In Gods We Trust: The Evolutionary Landscapes of Religion</a><span style="background-color: white;"> by </span><a href="http://www.google.com.eg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CEoQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FScott_Atran&ei=TGDrT4yYDMbysgaOktT3BQ&usg=AFQjCNGrRjJBXd3xLoe9mk_qGkpwE6sx0g&sig2=z4_mjkT37duB3FrIxBGm5A">Scott Atran</a><span style="background-color: white;">. What's interesting about this book is the choice of the metaphor for thinking about the evolution of religion in particular and culture in general, as a mountain-valley landscape formed by different mountain ridges.each mountain ridge in this landscape has distinct contour, with various peaks whose heights reflects time. one ridge encompasses emotional faculties, another includes social interactions.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Human experience that exists anywhere along this evolutionary landscape converges on more or less the same life paths. as humans randomly interact and walk through this evolutionary landscape, they naturally tend to converge toward certain cultural paths. all cultural paths include religious paths as well.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj09CSD_qJU4PKEkXCAKjI_miwJZm9f-LcFIXLMNOE4Tdxc_xOrRw9kD5RVI6bJ6nCPM0IQvgcqc7XwbZakFyXIjrIjq4NCjPVrYJ1qJujEI74XpQFfHGVRxnXmRycJgfHjUfLFn9yORw0/s1600/Fitness-Landscape.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="520" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj09CSD_qJU4PKEkXCAKjI_miwJZm9f-LcFIXLMNOE4Tdxc_xOrRw9kD5RVI6bJ6nCPM0IQvgcqc7XwbZakFyXIjrIjq4NCjPVrYJ1qJujEI74XpQFfHGVRxnXmRycJgfHjUfLFn9yORw0/s640/Fitness-Landscape.gif" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">This analogy is similar to the concept of </span><a href="http://christianhubert.com/writings/fitness_landscape.html" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">Fitness Landscape</a><span style="background-color: white;">. A fitness landscape is a way of </span><span style="background-color: white;">visualizing</span><span style="background-color: white;"> a problem in optimization or </span><a href="http://christianhubert.com/writings/adaptation.html#17" style="background-color: white;">adaptation</a><span style="background-color: white;">. There are peaks and valleys, peaks are solutions and the highest peak is the best solution. How to get there? The movement of adaptation can be seen as always moving uphill, since at any time a more adapted condition is preferable to a less adapted one. Depending on the features of the landscape, a particular fitness walk may lead to </span><a href="http://christianhubert.com/writings/local_global.html#51" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">local </a><span style="background-color: white;">optima from which there are no paths leading higher.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">More on the concept of "fitness" and "fitness landscape" in this <a href="http://www.grasshopper3d.com/profiles/blogs/evolutionary-principles" target="_blank">post</a></span></div>
</div>DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-86222065822661369852012-06-23T15:29:00.000-07:002012-06-23T15:29:08.686-07:00Is the crAft g0nE?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white;">The digital revolution of the last decade has unleashed creativity and talent in an unprecedented way, with unlimited opportunities. But does democratized culture mean better art or is true talent instead drowned out? This is the question addressed by </span><a href="http://www.presspauseplay.com/" target="_blank">PressPausePlay</a><span style="background-color: white;">, a documentary film containing interviews with some of the world's most influential creators of the digital era.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">The fourth chapter of this </span><span style="background-color: white;">documentary</span><span style="background-color: white;">, titled ‘The Craft is Gone’, </span><a href="http://thethumbcast.com/2011/11/01/presspauseplay-stop/" target="_blank">bemoans</a><span style="background-color: white;"> the role of technology in creating an expectation amongst young musicians of immediate and sterile perfection at the expense of human performance. </span></div>
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<a href="http://knowingart.com/218/presspauseplay-movie-says-craft-is-dead/#axzz1xrZHxAJi">PJ Brunet</a><span style="background-color: white;"> agrees that distributing art is easier now with the Internet but as far as “easy tools” he disagree with the assumption that "the craft is gone". The graphic design craft evolved so much, where you really need to know HTML, CSS, PHP, and on and on, now you can’t just press the “On” button and expect results. Because the work is more challenging, there’s fewer people who can do it. Less supply, more demand. So graphic designers make more than ever, even though the software is more affordable than ever, mostly free!</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">These days we live in a world where computers and technology have redefined what it is to be an artist. The digital revolution has most certainly opened the door to new possibilities to a broader scope of people.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Architecturally, things are not that different. Design process is being </span><span style="background-color: white;">heavily </span><span style="background-color: white;">influenced by the use of computers. But Kostas Terzidis in his 2006 book “</span><a href="http://www.google.com.eg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=8&ved=0CHMQFjAH&url=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FAlgorithmic_Architecture.html%3Fid%3DmV5QYRmgYDYC&ei=OjDmT6bvHubP4QSetMHTAQ&usg=AFQjCNEZmYw9o4JB4jk_FqAdHsE8uDBoRQ&sig2=X79nKqcIW0DP8rd1gfhLEA" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">Algorithmic Architecture</a><span style="background-color: white;">” makes an important distinction between Computation and Computerization:</span></div>
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"<i><span style="background-color: yellow;">Computation</span> is a term that differs from, but is often confused with, <span style="background-color: yellow;">computerization</span>. While computation is the procedure of calculating, i.e. determining something by mathematical or logical methods, computerization is the act of entering, processing, or storing information in a computer or a computer system. Computerization is about automation, mechanization, digitization, and conversion. Generally, it involves the digitization of entities or processes that are preconceived, predetermined, and well defined. In contrast, computation is about the exploration of indeterminate, vague, unclear, and often ill-defined processes; because of its exploratory nature, computation aims at emulating or extending the human intellect. It is about rationalization, reasoning, logic, algorithm, deduction, induction, extrapolation, exploration, and estimation. In its manifold implications, it involves problem solving, mental structures, cognition, simulation, and rule-based intelligence, to name a few.</i>"</blockquote>
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<a href="http://www.designcoding.net/computerization-and-computation/">Tuğrul Yazar</a> stersses that the d<span style="background-color: white;">efinition of such dualities clear our path of thought. Yet he draws our attention that very close relationships between “a computerized thing” and “a computational thing”, still remains. Some might even say that a computerized design is the reason of computational design; or vice versa.</span></div>
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One thing is for sure, the craft is not gone, but a new craft is being born!<br />
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</div>DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-35629383184535824462012-06-23T09:56:00.001-07:002012-06-23T09:59:40.542-07:00Dust تراب<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://www.tosatti.org/www.tosatti.org/Tetralogia_della_polvere.html" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="435" src="http://www.tosatti.org/www.tosatti.org/Tetralogia_2_a_files/02-01%20IMG_9110.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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"<a href="http://www.tosatti.org/www.tosatti.org/%5B_GIAN_MARIA_TOSATTI_%5D.html" target="_blank">Gian Maria Tosatti</a>'s intervention at <a href="http://www.casabossinovara.it/Home.asp" target="_blank">Casa Bossi</a> accentuates the remains of this abandoned building, transforming it into an inner space of memory, and turning visitors into witnesses.</div>
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Tosatti is an artist with origins in the theatre world, and his work is always inspired by the remarkable locations he manages to find. To these, he applies his imagination, turning them into eloquent stage-sets. This organic process starts with the spaces, their past and present, and the stories and memories they harbour.</div>
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In Casa Bossi,<span style="background-color: white; font-family: ff-meta-serif-web-pro-1, ff-meta-serif-web-pro-2, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; text-align: left;"> </span>Tosatti explores the bands of light entering through the windows, introducing barely perceptible pervasive changes: the slightest movement of a pile of dust, some broken glass, dry leaves or a graffiti-covered wall to which a handful of moths is stuck. A slowly dripping tap and an old telephone that sometimes emits a soft noise give the impression that the house retains a remnant of life and form the work's soundtrack, faint but amplified by the empty building.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">The few remains, objects from the house's previous life, have not been removed but simply repositioned: an old cast-iron radiator sits in the centre of an empty room, an old iron bed, a leftover from who knows what past life, has been covered with a worn, white sheet as if it had been waiting for someone for quite some time. With its negligible intrusion, the play of chiaroscuro and the dust — shining when crossing the light and creating multiple nuances in the shadows —, the work is subtle to the limits of opportunism. The artist seems to have worked by absence. Despite this, the Tetralogia della polvere [Tetralogy of dust] is paradoxically monumental."</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">more on this project in this <a href="http://www.domusweb.it/en/art/a-tetralogy-of-dust/" target="_blank">report</a> </span><span style="background-color: white;">by </span>Gabi Scardi</div>
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“Dust” is a similar project by <a href="http://www.xenianikolskaya.com/Xenia_Nikolskaya/home.html" target="_blank">Xenia Nikolsaya</a>. “Dust” is a <a href="http://us2.campaign-archive1.com/?u=48277550d36cd8a4af6eda271&id=89a196137c&e=ea49b267cf" target="_blank">photographic exhibition</a> that explores the conditions and relevance of abandoned architectural heritage in Egypt, presenting an entwined dualism: dust as materiality that layers the city, literally tracing the passage of time upon urban objects – but also as a temporal metaphor that registers these changes on the level of memories, both past and present. <br />
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<a href="http://www.xenianikolskaya.com/Xenia_Nikolskaya/dust.html#16" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="424" src="http://www.xenianikolskaya.com/Xenia_Nikolskaya/dust_files/Media/86_Esna4/86_Esna4.jpg?disposition=download" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Nikolskaya's ”Dust” is complex and multi‐layered in that its qualities not only span the artistic, but also have the added value of documenting Egypt’s fading and forgotten architecture. In addition to the aesthetic value, her series is also a valuable source of in‐depth information, baring long‐term witness to a country’s ongoing economic and social changes.</span><br />
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With Egypt coincidentally progressing though a momentous shift in its history, ”Dust” has come to illustrate an economic stagnation, which has engulfed Egypt over the past three decades. Nikolskaya's project underlines the significance of documenting a country in its transformative phase, and highlights the urgency of reflecting on Egypt’s history in order to understand its future. </div>
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more on Dust in the following links:<br />
<a href="http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/books/dust-absence-makes-the-art" target="_blank">Absence makes the art</a>
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<a href="http://www.thepolisblog.org/2011/09/egyptian-dust-interview-with-xenia.html" target="_blank">Documenting Egypt's Abandoned Palaces</a>
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Dust is also available as a <a href="http://issuu.com/xenianikolskaya/docs/dust_draftleyout" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank">publication</a></div>
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</div>DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-60027188636524930262012-06-23T08:19:00.001-07:002012-06-23T10:42:31.322-07:00TeRRiT0rialiTy reductive p0lArizAtions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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While I was reading in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said" target="_blank">Edward Said</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism_(book)" target="_blank">Orientalism</a>, I passed by what he calls "<i>territoriality reductive polarizations</i>" refering to the relation between the east and west. He goes on saying:<br />
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"<i><span style="background-color: white;">My idea in Orientalism is to use humanistic critique to open up the fields of struggle, to introduce a longer sequence of thought and analysis to replace the short bursts of polemical, thought-stopping fury that so imprison us in labels and antagonistic debate whose goal is a belligerent collective identity rather than understanding and intellectual exchange. I have called what I try to do "humanism," a word I continue to use stubbornly despite the scornful dismissal of the term by sophisticated post-modern critics....More-over, humanism is sustained by a sense of community with other interpreters and other societies and periods: strictly speaking, there-fore, there is no such thing as an isolated humanist.</span>This is to say that every domain is linked to every other one, and that nothing that goes on in our world has ever been isolated and pure of any outside influence. The disheartening part is that the more the critical study of culture shows us that this is the case, the less influence such a view seems to have, and the more <span style="background-color: yellow;">territorially reductive polarizations</span> like "Islam vs. the West" seem to conquer.</i>"</blockquote>
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This term reminded me of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Wahab_El-Messiri" target="_blank">Abdel Wahab El-Messiri</a>'s comment (in the clip below) on the state of polarization that has been <span style="background-color: white;">socially, economically and politically </span><span style="background-color: white;">intensifying in Egypt decades ago. This state of polarization that is manifested through the urban seclusion of <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/07/03/us-egypt-suburbs-idUSL2929352120080703" target="_blank">gated communities</a> and its <a href="http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/45885.aspx" target="_blank">golf courses</a>.</span><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="480" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/SCkewjl0720" width="640"></iframe></div>DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-84943532990952160182012-05-21T01:58:00.000-07:002012-06-23T03:07:25.157-07:00الهوة<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="text-align: center;">رسم توضيحى لمستويات السلطة وإتخاذ القرار </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">واحد من أهم أهداف الثورة المصرية فى 25 يناير 2011 هو رفع مستوى معيشة الماطن المصرى فى كل مناحى الحياة. لذلك كان من الضرورى إحداث تغييرات جذرية فى النظام الحاكم لعمران البلاد على مدار العقود الماضية. على رأس هذة التغييرات إحياء حقوق المواطن فى التحكم فى بيئته العمرانية و ما يتطلبه ذلك من فض بين الدولة و رأس المال مما يؤدى الى صياغة عقد إجتماعى جديد. بما أن من المقرر وضع دستور جديد للبلاد بعد الإنتخابات البرلمانية و الرئاسية و ما يتطلبه ذلك من حوار مجتمعى موسع فإنه يجب التطرق النواحى العمرانية على التوازى مع النواحى السياسية و اللإقتصادية.هناك حلقة مفقودة فى خضم كل هذه الأحداث بين الحقوق السياسية و الحقوق العمرانية. الدستور القادم يجب أن يحمى الحقوق الإجتماعية المتفق عليها فى الأعراف الدولية بما فيها العمرانية.حدث ذلك فى دستور البرازيل الموضوع حديثا حيث تضمن مادتان تحميان حقوق المجتمع فى المشاركة فى إتخاذ القرار لا سيما إذا كان المخططات الإستراتيجية التى تمس حياة المواطن اليومية. الإصلاح السياسى خلال المرحلة الإنتقالية يجب أن يصاحبه مراجعة لكل القوانين و السياسات المنظمة لكل المؤسسات المختصة بشئون العمران. كما يجب أن تغطى الإصلاحات الدستورية النواحى المختلفة المتعلقة بالعمران مثل القوانين المنظمة لإمتلاك الأراضى و الإسكان.التخطيط العمرانى فى مصرخلال الست عقود الماضية و حتى الخامس و العشرون من يناير كان يمارس بطريقة شديدة المركزية. المحاولات الهزيلة لجعل عملية التنمية العمرانية غير مركزية لم يصاحبها إصلاح حقيقى فى المحليات الفاسدة أو خلق قنوات إتصال حقيقية بينها و بين المجتمعات التى تقوم على خدمتها. بالإضافة الى المحليات هناك قوانين الإسكان الجامدة التى تعتمد على الوصفات العامة مثل قانون البناء الموحد والقائمة على التحكم فى السكان أكثر من تمكينهم و دعمهم وأبلغ مثال على ذلك خطة "القاهرة 2050" المزمع تنفيذها حتى وقتنا الحالى. نتج عن ذلك كله زيادة إتساع و عمق الهوة بين المشاريع الحكومية و التخطيط القومى المركزى و ما بين الإسكان القائم بالجهود الذاتية و الغير مخطط.و الآن بعد الثورة المصرية يجب على القائمون على عملية التنمية العمرانية أن يتخلوا عن موقع الخبير الأدرى بما هو أصلح للناس من أنفسهم و يتعلموا من الحلول العملية المجربة على الأرض حيث أن هناك الكثير من الحلول الغير رسمية التى إبتكرها سكان المناطق الغير مخططة للتغلب على عدم كفاءة المحليات . يجب أن يكون هناك علاقة تبادلية بين التنظيم الشعبى و السياسات المركزية الحاكمة كما أن هناك حاجة ماسة لجعل تلك السياسات أكثر قابلية للمسائلة.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">الرسم التوضيحى بأعلى يحاول الربط ما بين المستويات المذكورة سابقا : المستوى العام (الدستورى),المستوى شبه العام (المحليات) والمستوى الخاص (التنظيم المجتمعي). كل مستوى ممثل فى صورة شبكة تختلف مساحة فتحاتها طبقا لحجم السلطات الذى يقل كلما لأسفل عبر المستويات. فى الإتجاه المعاكس يزيد مدى التعقيد فى القرارالمتخذ كلما إتجهنا لأعلى. تتصل المستويات ببعضها البعض عن طريق أقماع تتقاطع مع المستويات الأخرى فى دوائر تختلف أقطارها حسب مدى القرب بين المستويات. يتضح ذلك حيث يتقاطع المستوى الدستورى مع مستوى المحليات فى دوائر تمثل قوانين الحكم المحلى التى ينص عليها الدستور. كما يتصل المستوى الدستورى مع مستوى التنظيم المجتمعى فى النقاط الحرجة التى تمس الصحة العامة و الأمن و التى يحميها الدستور. بنفس المنطق يتصل مستوى التنظيمات الشعبية مستوى المحليات فى مجموعة من النقاط التى يمكن من خلالها تغيير القوانين و السياسات بما يلائم إحتياجات السكان المتغيرة مما يضمن إستدامة المنظومة. تتزن هذه المنظومة بين قوتان رئيسيتين: الأولى من أسفل الى أعلى حيث تمثل حرية التصرف التى يتمتع بها المعنيين نتيجة السياسات التمكينية التى ينص عليها و يحميها الدستور. القوى الأخرى تتحرك من أعلى الى أسفل و تعتمد فى تنظيم تصرفات المستويات الأدنى على معايير الأداء و الممارسة أكثر مما تعتمد على الوصفات العامة.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">هذا المقال نشر ضمن أول نسخة من <a href="http://cairobserver.com/post/23606880279/read-download-the-new-cairobserver-publication" target="_blank">مشاهد القاهرة Cairobserver</a></span><br />
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</div>DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-17515456094966226462012-04-26T04:48:00.000-07:002012-04-26T04:49:50.599-07:00The Unspoken AlliAnce<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Movie clip from award-winning documentary film <a href="http://www.occupation101.com/" target="_blank">Occupation 101</a></div>
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The<a href="http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0821-27.htm" target="_blank"> illegal occupation of Palestine</a> and the subjugation of a people is no different to how the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid_in_South_Africa" target="_blank">South African apartheid regime</a> treated black people. It is also no different to how America treated black people and it is no different from how the Nazis and others treated the Jews.<br />
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In <a href="http://mondoweiss.net/2010/05/excerpt-from-the-unspoken-alliance-israels-secret-relationship-with-apartheid-south-africa.html" target="_blank">The Unspoken Alliance</a>, Sasha Polakow-Suransky sheds the light on how two of these apartheid regimes are involved in <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/23/israel-apartheid-south-africa-nuclear-warheads" target="_blank">one of the most intimate and enduring alliances of the postwar years</a>.
</div>DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8488975659561420841.post-38020801905651014232012-04-23T03:40:00.000-07:002012-04-23T06:01:39.415-07:00a view on n0rmAlizAti0n<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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On the occasion of the <a href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/middle-east/egypt-s-mufti-visits-jerusalem-for-first-time-1.425447" target="_blank">Egyptian mufti's visit to Jerusalem</a>, I recall what Edward Said wrote in an article titled (<a href="https://www.google.com.eg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCMQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fweekly.ahram.org.eg%2F2001%2F547%2Fcu1.htm&ei=PS6VT6iKH8Oa-wb8gomABA&usg=AFQjCNEzPBLgAlnsTMbg5kPqAMA4i4vIvw&sig2=pHABLYacsS3haFYNfxKxtg" target="_blank">Barenboim and the Wagner Taboo</a>): </div>
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"<i>In the Arab context, the campaign against "normalization" with "Israel", while more urgent and actual a challenge- after all, [this state called] Israel is practicing modes of daily collective punishment and murder against an entire people, whose land has illegally occupied for thirty-four years. The problem is that Arab governments have economic [such as Egypt gas imports to Israel, that has been recently terminated]and political relationships [such as camp David peace treaty] with Israel while groups of individuals have tried to impose a blanket ban on all contacts with isrealis. the ban on normalization lacks coherence since it <a %c3%aatre'="" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/raison%20d">raison d'être</a>, Israel's oppression of the Palestinian people, hasn't been alleviated by the campaign (against normalization): how many Palestinian homes have been saved from demolition by anti-normalization measures?... None at all, alas, which why I've said that it is better for a distinguished intellectual to come to Palestine in solidarity with his/her Palestinian comrades, perhaps to teach or give a lecture or help at a clinic, than it to sit at home preventing others from doing so.</i>"</blockquote>
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Unfortunately, Ali Gomaa is a distiguished Egyptian figure, but his visit for Jerusalem wasn't for solidarity with Palestinians. <a href="http://rasembadran.com/" target="_blank">Rasem Badran</a>'s claim that the Mufti didn't even bother to reach <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" target="_blank">Al-Aqsa</a></i> mosque through the same path the Palestinians do, suffering like they suffer (it takes 7 hours for Palestinians to reach the mosque while the distance between the border point that the Mufti said on his <a href="https://twitter.com/#!/DrAliGomaa" target="_blank">Twitter account</a> that he had entered from the West Bank via Jordan is only 80 km far from Jerusalem)!As <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/profile/view?id=64967174&authType=NAME_SEARCH&authToken=lU-D&locale=en_US&srchid=90139d01-3c13-4248-9d43-1bd15b3cfc9d-0&srchindex=1&srchtotal=2&goback=%2Efps_PBCK_*1_Ashraf_Botros_*1_*1_*1_*1_*2_*1_Y_*1_*1_*1_false_1_R_*1_*51_*1_*51_true_*1_eg%3A0_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2&pvs=ps&trk=pp_profile_name_link" target="_blank">Ashraf Botros</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=10150656904156455&id=551836454&notif_t=feed_comment_reply" target="_blank">comments</a> on this that the Mufti's visit wasn't in trade for halting <a href="http://occupiedpalestine.wordpress.com/2011/04/07/ihsanoglu-condemns-settlements-activity-in-oj/" target="_blank">settlements activity</a> or lifting <a href="http://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/20100531_the_siege_on_gaza" target="_blank">siege on Gaza</a>. For the Palestinian cause, it was worthless. On the contrary, it supports the legitimacy of the Israeli occupation, as <a href="http://www.almasryalyoum.com/node/782511" target="_blank">Azmi Bishara comments</a>.</div>
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<span style="text-align: left;">"</span><i style="text-align: left;">Complete anti-normalization is not an effective weapon for the powerless: its symbolic value is low, and its actual effect is merely passive and negative" </i>Edward Said continues!</blockquote>
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</div>DWGpArAllelshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13825634238923357292noreply@blogger.com0